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Chapter 10 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 10
Flower Structure and Cross Pollination
cross pollination - carpel pollinated by other
genetic diversity
self-pollination
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
different anther and stigma maturation times prevents self fertilization
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
compatibility barriers often prevent self fertilization
Monoecious and Dioceous Species
dioceous - male and female individuals
Monoecious - one plant has male and female organs
Animal-Pollinated Flowers
animals carry pollen from one plant to another
Wind Pollinated Flower
self explanatory
Ovary Position
ovaries must be well protected
Sexual Reproduction
involves flowers in angiosperms
The Plant Life Cycle
sporophyte phase / sporophyte generation
familiar plants
always diploid
meiosis results in haploid spores
spore undergoes mitosis
results in 2 new haploid plants called gametophytes
very small and simple
gametes are produced through mitosis
gametes undergo syngamy and form a zygote
zygote grows into new diploid sporophyte, thus completing the life cycle
Oogamy
Similar to mammals
one individual makes eggs. one makes sperm
"male" = microgametophytes
produced by microspores
2 spore types = heterospory
"female" = megagametophytes
produced by megaspores
Alternation of Generations - a life cycle w/ 2 generations (sporophyte and gametophyte).
since gametophytes don't resemble sporophytes this is an alternation of heteromorphic generations
Flower Structure
stem w/ leaflike structures
no secondary growth
pedicel - flower stalk
receptacle - very end of axis where flower parts are attached
4 floral appendages - sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
complete flowers - have all 4 appendages
incomplete flowers - lacking one or two basic appendage types
Sepals - lowermost and outermost of the 4.
modified leaves that protect other flower parts
calyx - all sepals together
Petals
located above sepals on receptacle
corolla - all petals together
perianth - sepals and petals together
attract correct pollinators
Stamens
just above petals
collectively called androecium
2 parts
filament (stalk)
anther (where pollen is produced)
4 long cell columns become distinct in preparation for meiosis
Microspore mother cells / microsporocytes enlarge and undergo meiosis
each produces 4 microspores
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Carpels
constitute gynoecium
located highest level of receptacle
3 parts
stigma - catches pollen grains
style - elevates stigma
Ovary - where megaspores are produced
placentae - located inside which bear ovules
nucellus - mass of parenchyma in ovules
megaspore mother cells / megasporocytes - nucellus cells that enlarge to prepare for meiosis
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Gametophytes
Microgametophyte - developed from microspores
very small. 3 cells max
microspore divides mitotically
large vegetative cell
generative cell
pollen grain germinates after pollen tube penetrates into stigma
Megagametophyte - comes from surviving megaspore
Fertilization
plasmogamy - fusion of protoplasts
karyogamy - fusion of nuclei
Embryo and Seed Development
suspensor - pushes embryo into endosperm
Fruit Development
ovaries develop into fruit
Concepts
reproduction can have 2 functions
asexual - offspring w/ same genes
good if environment stable
sexual - offspring w/ different genes
good if environment unstable
produces seeds. can be dispersed long distances
pollen can be spread to a large number of individuals
some plants reproduce sexually and asexually
Inflorescences and Pollination
inflorescence - many flowers grouped together
more small flowers is advantageous
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
True and Accessory Fruits
true fruits only contain ovarian tissue
accesory fruit - non ovarian tissue present
classification of fruit types
fleshy or dry
dehiscent - break open and release seeds
Indehiscent
Asexual Reproduction
fragmentation - plant separated in two and both portions act as individuals
