1960s women protested the acquisition of political and legal equality wasnt equal, Betty Friedan important to feminism 1950s and argued that women were being denied equality with men, 1966 founded National Organization for Women

1968 protests from universities in Italy, France,
and Britain (bc of viet war), divided US ppl after President Lyndon Johnson sent American troops to war in Vietnam, 1970 Ohio National Guard killed 4 student protesters at Kent State University --> antiwar movement declined

leonid Brezhnev after Khrushchev in 1964, Communist Party and the state (anti reform), detente allowed more wester style in RU, industrial growth declined, 2 eco probs: vigorous central planning (bureaucracy that discouraged efficiency and reduced productivity) and soviet system (lack of incentives, bred apathy, complacency, absenteeism, and drunkenness), 1970s patronage as a major avenue of advancement (rise = talk 2 party leaders), 1980 RU was failing (pop eco etc decrease), Yuri Andropov part of small party of reformers head of the KGB, Mikhail Gorbachev party secretary March 1985,

Eastern European Communist leaders had reform programs to make socialism more acceptable, polish gov couldnt stop solidarity concessions until December 1981 when Walesa and other Solidarity leaders were arrested, Janos Kadar had best reforms in europe, Czechoslovakia led by Antonin Novotny (appointed by stalin) but he killed many of his party members and was hated by many writers --> writers’ rebellion late 1967, January 1968 Alexander
Dubcek sec of Communist Party made new reforms --> ppl want far-reaching reforms --> Red Army raided Czechoslovakia august 1968 and ended it

1950s communist in EG led by Walter Ulbricht, workers’ revolt in 1953 --> flight of East Germans to West --> 1961 Berlin Wall separating West from East Berlin, 1971 ulbricht succeeded by Erich Honecker who used stasi for iron fist rule, repression used a lot in romania, 1948 Communist People’s Democratic complete power in romania, gov passed to Nicolae Ceausescu 1965 (ruled w dictatorial regime)

europe had severe economic recessions in 1973 1974 and 1979–1983, WG center-right politics went to center-left politics, 1969 the Social Democrats became the leading party (stayed in power until 1982 bc of Free Democratic Party), March 19, 1971 Brandt met with Walter Ulbricht and signed treaty in 1972, Helmut Schmidt was technocrat and focused on eco probs, 1982 Schmidt’s Social Democrats with
the Free Democrats so they joined w Christian Democratic Union of Helmut Kohl, Irish Republican Army staged terrorist attacks after Northern Ireland’s parliament in 1972, 1979 Britain’s economic problems increased and conservatives turned to Margaret Thatcher (control inflation and made Thatcherism), wanted to replace older technology and reestablish Britain as a world police officer, 1982 Argentina
attempted to take control of Falkland Islands (rebuffed) and generated popular support for Thatcher, (FRANCE) 1981 the Socialists had become the dominant party in the National Assembly, 1982, Mitterrand froze prices and wages and liberal measures to aid workers to fix eco probs (centralization and decentralization), (ITALY) fiftieth postwar government in 1991, Giulio Andreotti served 6 times, Italian Communists advocated Eurocommunism, 1970s Italy suffered from eco recession, had student unrest, mass strikes, and terrorist attacks, European Economic Community expanded in 1973 when Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark joined european community

richard nixon president in 1968, 1973 ended American involvement in Vietnam, south formed new allegiance to the Republican Party and support among white
Democrats in northern cities (wanted achieve racial integration), tried to bug Democratic National Headquarters, August 9, 1974 Nixon resigned the presidency, Gerald Ford became pres and later lost in 1976 to Jimmy Carter, had eco probs and stagflation, US depend on oil from ME, Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 53 americans taken hostage by Ayatollah Khomeini --> carter unable to save them and was proven weak

1963 liberals given back power, 1968 Pierre Trudeau dedicated to Canada’s federal union, 1968 passed Official Languages Act, pushed for industrialization program but high inflation and efforts to impose the will of fed gov on provincial gov alienated voters weakened gov, eco recession in early 1980s brought Brian Mulroney to power in 1984

1954 vietnam divided, NV Ho Chi Minh received Soviet aid, SV US establish a pro Western regime, Kennedy maintained Eisenhower’s policy of providing military and financial aid to regime of Ngo Dinh Diem, November 1963 US had military coup that overthrew the Diem regime, US failed to prevail over North Vietnamese and Vietcong, anti war movement in US and EU, 1965 President Charles de Gaulle (france) believed US should leave Vietnam alone, 1973, President Richard Nixon agreement w NV and US withdrew, rupture between china and RU removed monolithic communism,

1966 Mao Zedong release Red Guards, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution lasted 10 yrs to remove the 4 olds, destroyed property against the idea and vicious attacks on individuals who "deviated" from Mao’s thought, September 1976 (after mao died) practical-minded reformers seized power from the radicals and took radical approach, 1972 Nixon visit Zedong in china and put differences aside --> better relationship, 1979 diplomatic ties between the countries

1940 British physicists improved radar system that helped defeat the German air force in the Battle of Britain, german scientists made self-propelled rockets and jet airplanes, Alan Turing made a computer to assist British intelligence, J. Robert Oppenheimer made atomic bomb, 1957 RU sent 1st satellite into space and started space race, US gov tried to help make spacecraft to go to moon and 1969 got it, Grace Hopper made comp lang, 1971 the invention of the microprocessor, after ww2 qs abt reality happened, idea that knowledge gave humans the ability to manipulate the environment for their benefit

1970s ecological probs came and ppl expecially realized after Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic nuclear power disaster, opening of Eastern Europe after the revolutions of 1989 brought attention to Environmental concerns --> gov regulations to protect environment, Green movements and parties emerged throughout europe in 1970s --> later involved in political activites,