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Chapter 10: Flowers and Reproduction - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 10: Flowers and Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
numerous methods evolved
fragmentation
most common
grow several meters
parts become self-sufficient
Sexual Reproduction
The Plant Life Cycle
gametes
haploid
sperm or egg
meiosis
zygote
diploid
both sperm and egg
more complex than human
sporophyte phase
or generation
trees, shrubs, and herbs
always diploid
organs capable of meiosis
results in spores
syngamy
fertilization
fusing of gametes
form zygote
spore
undergo mitosis
grows into gametophyte
gametophyte
produces gametes
do not produce new diploid
produces new haploid plant
Alternation of Generations
both sporophyte and gametophyte
gametophyte are not sporophyte
alternation of heteromorphic generation
complex life cycle
3 distinct plants
Flower Structure
stem with leaflike structures
no secondary growth
stalk
pedicel
end of axis
receptacle: other parts attached
Four types of Appendages
Sepals
lower and outmost appendage
modified leaves
thickest, toughest, and waxiest
protect flower bud
protect from sector robbers
referred to as calyx
Petals
above sepals
both sepals and petals make up corolla and perianth
broad and leaflike
pigments other than chlorophyll
correct pollinators
Stamens
above petals
androecium
'male' part of flower
2 parts
filament
anther
tapetum layer
Carpels
gynoecium
highest level
3 parts
stigma(catches pollen grains)
style(elevates stigma)
ovary(megaspores produced)
placentae
ovules
nucellus
flowers of all four
most flowers
complete flowers
incomplete flower
do not have all 4
not uncommon
flowers of
Begornia
Gametophyes
microgametophye
developed from microspores
small and simple
@ most 3 cells
vegetative cell produced
generative cell
megagametophyte
in ovule
surviving megaspore
embryo sac
nuclei migrate
Fertilization
syngamy
plasmogamy (protoplasts)
karyogamy (nuclei)
fusion
zygote est.
angiosperms
secondary sperm unless migrates
undergoes karyogamy
est. endosperm nucleus
double fertilization
Embryo and Seed Development
suspensor
short, stalklike
pushes embryo into endosperm
delicate and ephemeral in angiosperms
cruches by embryo
cotyledons
2 primordia
basal angiosperms
eudicots
embryo, heart shaped
heart stage
torpedo stage
embryo
elongated cylinder
short axis est.
radicle
epicotyl
hypocotyl
Fruit Development
mature ovary
varies in nature of carpels and fruit
stigma wither
3 distinct layers
(pericarp)
exocarp
outer layer
skin or peel
mesocarp
middle layer
flesh
endocarp
inner layer
tough and thin
Flower Structure and Cross-Pollination
Cross-Pollination
cross-pollination: pollen from diff. individual
self-pollination: pollen from same flower
genetic diversity
mutations
new versions
improved fitness
deleterious
evolved mechanisms
dec. self-pollination
inc. cross-pollination
Stamen and Style Maturation Times
self-fertilization
both stamen and carpels
prevented
anther and stigma mature @ diff times
parts @ diff places
not effective to cross-pollination
Stigma and Pollen Incompatibility
compatibility barriers
crop species
self-pollination
prevent pollen growth
incompatibility
pollen tube grows
test proteins on surface
block growth
Inflorescences and Pollination
inflorescences
grouped together
collective visual
control
determinate inflorescences
limited potential
apex converted to flower
end growth
indeterminate inflorescence
lowest or outermost open 1st
new flowers @ apex
no dominant main axis
Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
True Fruits and Accessory Fruits
true fruit: contain only ovarian tissues
accessory fruit
false fruit
non-ovarian tissue present
nature of fruit
simple fruit
single ovary, or
fused ovaries
most common
aggregate fruit
carpels fuse
raspberry
multiple fruit
development
inflorescence fuse into 1
Classification of Fruit Types
one method
emphasis
Dry fruit
not eaten
dehiscent fruits
break open
release seeds
fleshy fruit
indehiscent fruit
eaten
