Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Cold War XX and New Cold War XXI, image, image, image, image, image, image…
Cold War XX and New Cold War XXI
Czechoslovakia
"Prague Spring"
(1968)
Soviet forces INVADED Czechoslovakia = crush reform movement
August 20, 1968
Soviet forces supported by Communist satellite states invaded CSSR (
objective
= STOP the reform movement)
Soviets fear = reformist movement spreading to other
fraternal
Communist states (Eastern Europe) & hence question Soviet hegemony in region
Soviet leadership told armed forces = were intervening against
Czech Fascists
(attempting a
Putsch
with CIA agents & West German Neo Nazis)
Arrested Dubcek & flew him to Moscow = tortured & forced to recant his heresy from Stalinist orthdoxy
August 27th, 1968 = Dubcek return to CSSR after forced to sign a statement (renouncing their political, economic, & social reforms)
30th = CSSR presented that all reforms declared are invalid, null, & void. While censorship was reintroduced & independent writers/trade unions were banned and borders closed
period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubček = 1968. And an attempt to moderate & soften communism
Alexander Dubček = young Slovakian
moderate
Communist
to
lead
the state - elected by the Central Committee of the Czechoslovakia Socialist Republic (CSSR)
Supported by population = discussed & wrote HOW people could REFORM Communism. He made a speech emphasizing the need for reforms
Began to REFORM the entire Communist Party apparatus
Abolished censorship
Opened borders & allowed freedom of assembly (as well as independent writers & trade unions to grow/develop)
CAUSES
Weak economy
Czech economy = WEAK
USSR controlled their economy (made farmers follow Communist Party guidance on the type of products & efforts to modernise farming)
Lack of personal freedom
Communist leader, Antonin Novotny, unpopular = censorship of press & lack of personal freedom
Political discontent
Czechoslovakia had gone from democracy to dictatorship & people didn't like how communist control had developed
1968 = Czech people tried to reform the Communist system
Create = Socialism with a human face
Keep socialist model of government but guaranteeing a better delivery of goods, services, & freedoms to Czech people
known as
"Prague Spring"
= 4 months until crushed by
Soviet Red Army
(army of USSR)
Italy
Who?
Axis Powers
Fascist Italy
Benito Mussolini
Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler
Italian Social Republic
Allies
Allies
kingdom of Italy
King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia
Why?
German invation and military ocupation
Where?
Italy
Rome
Piombino
When?
1943 - 1945
During WWII
What?
Italian resistance groups who opposed to the Nazis
Greece
Who
EAM/ELAS , KKE and EDE
Also contributing were the USA and Britain
Greek Government
What
Greek Civil War - communist vs democratic groups in Greece
When
First war : 1944 -1945
Second war : 1946 -1949
The first stage of the conflict started when German forces tried to invade Greece during WWII but two Greek groups ELAS (communist) and EDE ( democratic) resisted
Where
Greece
Why
1st Conflict : Britain set up a government but it quickly collapsed because communist forces did not want to separate their groups. The war officially started when a bunch of unarmed EAM protestors were shot by Britain's orders.
2nd Conflict : A voting was held but the communist groups refused to vote. After that they started the battle to prevent Greece from becoming like Great Britain. Britain had spent around 85 million pounds in the conflict so the US quickly stepped in (result from the Truman Doctrine) and helped the anticommunist side by proving economic and military aid.
Outcome
The remaining communist fighters fled when they saw that there was no chance on winning . They fled mostly to Albania.
More than 50,000 soldiers / combatants died and many more were injured
500,000 Greeks were displaced
Economic impacts on all 3 countries
Where did Greece get its communist ideas from?
They got inspired from the October revolution of the Bolshevicks in Russia (1917)
Also got inspired from groups such as the Paris Commune
They joined the Comintern in 1920
Poland
5 W's
Who
Polish people
What
Conflict for a democracy and freedom between Polish Underground vs the Soviet dictators of Poland
Where
Polish People's Republic
Territories of Poland taken over by the Soviet Union
When
1944–1963
At the end of World War II in Europe
Why
After WII, countries in Eastern and Central Europe (including Poland) were being dictated by the Soviet Union
People fought for freedom and for a democracy
Poland Invansions
Why did The Soviet Union invade Poland?
They said it was to protect their "blood brothers" (Ukrainians and Belarusians)
Polish gov. could no longer support their citizens with security because of the collapse they had after the German attack
According to Soviet propaganda
To expand their territories
When Poland started fleeing to the East to the country to escape the German troops invading, they found the Soviet troops
Germany and Soviet Union faced eachother
Germany had to surrender their prisoners
The Soviet Union got around three-fifths of Poland + 13 million people
Why did Germany want to invade Poland?
They wanted to regain lost territory
Communism in Poland
Why did Poland have so many communist ideals?
Poland was conquered by Nazi Germans and Soviets
This period of time (1945 to 1989) was called the communist rule
This lead Polish communists to start a communist party called Polska Partia Robotnicza (PPR)
Wanda Wasilewska created the Union of Polish Patriots as a communist organization under Soviet control
The creation of these 2 organizations led to the foundation of the Workers Defense Committee
Which lead to the Solidarity movement
Władysław Gomułka became the leader of PPR
Władysław Gomułka was a Polish communist
Lech Wałęsa
Leader of the Solidarity movement
What was the Polish Solidarity movement?
Independent Self-Governing Trade Union
September 1980 - December 1981
Reemerged in 1989 after being suppressed by the Polish gov.
Formed coalition government with Poland’s United Workers’ Party (PUWP)
Began when KOR (Workers’ Defense Committee) was founded
KOR supported families of imprisoned workers, offered legal and medical aid, and spread news through an underground network.
Founded because workers had been attacked and jailed by authorities in various cities
Former President of the Republic of Poland
Major causes of Cold War
Truman Doctrine
Greece & Turkey in risk of communism domination after Britain stops aid.
1947: US (Truman) decided to assist the two nations to prevent/stop spread of communism.
$400 million dollars to assist
Defense against communism > reconstruction/ democracy in Greece & Turkey
Democracy later followed naturally
Extension of US vs USSR
Known as the official declaration of the Cold War
Warsaw Pact
Treaty alliance/army union from Soviets & 7 other countries as mutual defense organization.
Military alliance to defend each other in case of threat (from US allied countries).
Aimed to prevent West Germany from joining "peace-loving states" when it began remilitarization.
--> US allied countries create NATO (+ include West Germ.) --> Soviets see as threat --> Warsaw Pact
Remained until 1991 (from 1955) even though most countries had separated by that point.
Marshall Plan
European Recovery Program = 1948 US $15 billion program to aid Western Europe reconstruction.
4-yr plan to reconstruct from war, remove trade barriers between European countries, & encourage trade w/ US.
Economic plan + halt to communism/USSR
Key catalyst to formation of NATO (1949)
Focused eco aid to major countries (W Germany, France, Britain) --> believed that recovery of these countries --> recovery of Europe
West Germany aid --> believed prevent dominance of East Germany (communism)
Aided countries to an extent (debated).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Rakochy. (February 11, 2011.).
Prague Spring.
Retrieved from:
https://es.slideshare.net/rakochy/prague-spring-6889252
Britannica. (N.D.).
Prague Spring. Czechoslovak history.
Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com./event/Prague-Spring
The First News. (2019). Cursed or Unbreakable? The Anti-Communist Resistance in Poland: Special Episode [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vEfXwR2kXbs
History. (2020, March 10). President Truman announces the Truman Doctrine. Retrieved from:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/truman-doctrine-is-announced
History. (2020, June 5). Marshall Plan. Retrieved from:
https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/marshall-plan-1?li_source=LI&li_medium=m2m-rcw-history
History. (2020, May 12). The Warsaw Pact is formed. Retrieved from:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-warsaw-pact-is-formed
Greek Civil War | Greek history. (2017). Retrieved April 20, 2021, from Encyclopedia Britannica website:
https://www.britannica.com./event/Greek-Civil-War
HistoryNet Staff. (2006, June 12). Greek Civil War. Retrieved April 20, 2021, from HistoryNet website:
https://www.historynet.com/greek-civil-war.htm
The Greek Civil War, 1944-1949 | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. (2020, May 22). Retrieved April 20, 2021, from The National WWII Museum | New Orleans website:
https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/greek-civil-war-1944-1949
BBC. (N.D.).
The Cold War, 1961-1972.
Retrieved from:
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zsfwhv4/revision/5
Nickson, R. A. et al. (2021, March 10).
The Stroessner regime
. Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Paraguay/The-Stroessner-regime
Library of Congress. (2005, October).
Country Profile: Paraguay.
Retrieved from:
https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Paraguay-new.pdf
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, October 30).
Alfredo Stroessner. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfredo-Stroessner
Solidarity | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica. (2021). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Solidarity
History.com Editors. (2009, November 5). Soviet Union invades Poland. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from HISTORY website:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-union-invades-poland#:~:text=exercises%20the%20%E2%80%9Cfine%20print%E2%80%9D%20of,and%20occupation%20of%20eastern%20Poland.&text=The%20%E2%80%9Creason%E2%80%9D%20given%20was%20that,been%20illegally%20annexed%20by%20Poland
.
History.com Editors. (2009, November 16). Germany invades Poland. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from HISTORY website:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/germany-invades-poland#:~:text=Why%20did%20Germany%20invade%20Poland,become%20the%20%E2%80%9Cblitzkrieg%E2%80%9D%20strategy
.
History.com Editors. (2009, November 5). Soviet Union invades Poland. Retrieved April 23, 2021, from HISTORY website:
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/soviet-union-invades-poland
Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). The partisans and the Resistance. Encyclopædia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-partisans-and-the-Resistance
.
Paraguay
When?
Stayed in power from 1954~1989 (35 years)
Protests began in early 1980s
Overthrown by coup in February 1989 --> democracy begins
Where
Paraguay, US, Brazil
What
Brought economic stability to Paraguay (beneficial)
Partnered/joined authoritarian regime in Brazil to receive support.
Why
No free press allowed
Repressive to prevent others from gaining authority
Who
Alfredo Stroessner: dictator president of Paraguay (anticommunist )
