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Henry VII 220px-Younghenry7 - Coggle Diagram
Henry VII 
Securing the Dynasty
Consolidation of Power
Battle of Bosworth occured on the 22nd August 1485. Henry dated the beginning of his reign to the 21st August, meaning people who fought against him could be tried for treason
Defeated the pretender Lambert Simnel at the Battle of Stoke Field, 1487
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Coronated 30th October 1485, before his first parliament on 7th November
Married Elizabeth of York Jan 1486, uniting Lancastrian and Yorkist dynasties
Rewarded his key supporters, gave out 11 knighthoods
Detained Edward the Earl of Warwick, who had a greater claim than him
Passed Acts of Attainder to confiscate Yorkists' land and increase Crown Land. Was granted customs duty to increase income
Government
Council Learned in Law investigated lapsed feudal dues to increase King's revenue and keep nobles in check. Enforced bonds and recognisances
Privy Chamber was used to increase Henry's personal control and make decision with only trusted people
Parliament was called only when necessary, to pass important statutes such as Acts of Attainder.
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JPs were used to maintain law and order. Given more powers to organise juries and root out corruption
Governed far away regions following the model of Edward IV. Used Council of Wales and the Marches, Council of the North etc
Finances
Used the Chamber rather than the Exchequer because it was more efficient and Henry could keep close personal control
Income rose from £12,000 a year to £42,000 over his reign. Received over £400,000 from extraordinary revenue
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Foreign Policy
Prince Arthur married to Catherine of Aragon in 1501. When he died negotiations began to marry her to Henry but Spain was weaker at this point so Henry waited and kept her dowry.
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Intercursus Malus meant HRE handed over the Earl of Suffolk, a Yorkist fugitive
Nobility
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Saw "maintenance" as a big threat, as nobles could essentially keep mercenaries. Passed laws against it, set quotas, made nobles paid livery to reduce retainers
Foreign Policy
Brittany and France
Breton Crisis
Brittany was a fiefdom of the French crown which enjoyed effective independence. France invaded it in 1487
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Henry wanted to do this because:
- he had a sense of obligation to the Bretons
- he feared a French Brittany would increase the threat of invasion
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Maximillian, HRE, and Anne married in proxy
Anne lost face and surrendered to Charles VIII, marrying him. English army was left marooned. Perkin Warbeck was also seeking help from the French
Henry recovered his position by invading northern France late in the campaigning season in 1492. Charles was more interested in invading Northern Italy so made peace
In the Treaty of Etaples, Chalres withdrew his support for Perkin Warbeck and paid a pension to Henry. This strengthened Henry's position and defended national interests
Burgundy
Intercursus Magnus
Most of England's exports went to the Netherlands, to ports like Antwerp and Bruges
Margaret of Burgundy was the widow of the Duchess of Burgundy and had considerable power. She was a sworn enemy of Henry as Richard III's sister
Margaret enlisted the support of the HRE, Maximillian, and Phillip, who became the next Duke. They gave hospitality to Perkin Warbeck
Henry sacrificed one of his objectives, defending English trade, by putting an embargo on Burgundy
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Intercursus Malus
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Phillip and Maximillian handed over the Yorkist fugitive the Earl of Suffolk, who was put in the tower
Ireland
Henry's power in Ireland only included the Pale, which surrounded Dublin
The rulers of Ireland were the descendents of the Anglo-Norman barons, the most important of whom were the Fitzgeralds and the Butlers
The most dominant figure was the Earl of Kildare, the Lord Deputy of Ireland. He had Yorkist sympathies and supported Lambert Simnel, crowning him in Dublin. He also supported Perkin Warbeck
Attempted to increase English power by appointing his son Henry as the Lieutenant of Ireland and Edward Poynings as his deputy
Increased English power through force and bribery. Got the Irish Parliament to pass Poyning's Law in 1495. This meant the Parliament could not pass anything without the Crown's approval
Strategy proved too expensive for Henry. When Warbeck sieged Waterford in 1495, Henry once again had to rely on Kildare as his deputy
At this point, in 1496, Kildare so no point in supporting the Yorkist cause. He served Henry loyally and increased his own power at the same time
Scotland
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When James IV came of age he offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck where he married the King's cousin
James encouraged Warbeck to invade England, which he did in 1496. The army was very small, spent hardly any time in England and received no support
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A taxation rebellion in Cornwall in 1497 shook Henry and decided to secure an immediate truce at Ayton
Relations improved and James no longer had any use for Warbeck. He was handed over and executed in 1499
The 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace married James to Princess Margaret. Friendly relations lasted until the end of Henry's reign
Spain
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The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1469 united the two Spanish kingdoms, making it a European superpower
Treaty of Windsor 1506
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Henry took advantage of his guests with the Treaty of Windsor
- created the Intercursus Malus
- returned the Earl of Suffolk
- proposed marriage between Philip's sister and Henry VII
- recognition of Juana and Philip as the rulers of Castille
However things went disastrously wrong after Philip died in Spain
- Juana went mad
- Ferdinand became the ruler of Castille
- Henry was left isolated
- Ferdinand made sure that the marriage between Henry and Catherine would not take place in his lifetime
Henry's aims
- maintain national security
- spread recognition of the Tudor dynasty
- defend English trading interests
Rebellions
Yorkshire
North was a poor region, affected by a bad harvest in 1488, with Yorkist sympathies that felt unduly taxed for Henry's intervention in Brittany
A rebel force rose up in 1489 after the Earl of Northumberland was killed while trying to collect taxes
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Cornwall
Culturally distinct region that felt unduly taxed for a Scottish war. Autonomy had been eroded and tin was struggling
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Henry sent Lord Daubney to deal with rebels while Earl of Surrey was sent to defend against Scotland
Camped at Blackheath where they received no support and rebels began to desert. Defeated at Deptford Birdge
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King treated Cornwall more leniently, espescially tin industry
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Stafford & Lovell
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Wanted to remove Henry from the throne, Yorkist sympathies
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Henry's spy network heard of the plot. Apprehended Lovell, who then escaped to rebel
Stafford brothers rose up around Worcester, but fled as soon as Henry drew near
Perkin Warbeck
17 year old fleming who claimed to be the Duke of York. Received foreign support from the HRE, Burgundy, France, Scotland, Ireland
Invaded England 5 times, each a failure. Notably in 1497, with the King of Scotland, which was a bad failure
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Originally treated leniently until he tried to escape Court in 1499, executed
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Lambert Simnel
Lambert Simnel's tutor, Richard Symonds, thought he bore resemblance to the Earl of Warwick
Was crowned in Dublin by Earl of Kildare as King Edward VI. John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, brought troops from Margaret of Burgundy
Landed in Lancashire with an Irish and Flemish army. Attracted very little support from local nobles.
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