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Reproductive System Alice Juarez Najera. Period 6, Hormones of the…

- - - - Accessory Organs: Prepare for implantation and prepares for developing during pregnancy
  - - - begins at puberty and continues throughout life
        
        takes about 64-72 days
      - Accessory Organs: Produce and secrete seminal fluids
- - - - Epididymis: matures and stores sperm cell ( at least 20 days)
        
        Expels sperm w/ the contraction of muscles of the epididymis to the Vas Deferens
      - Vas Deferens: Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
        
        Vasectomy: cutting off ductus deferens to prevent sperm transportation
      - Urethra: Carries both sperm & urine
        
        sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
    - - includes
        
        Seminal Vesicle
        
        Prostate Gland
        
        Bulbourethral Gland
        
        Seminal Vesicle: produces a thick, alkaline, yellow secretion
        
        contains sugar, vitamin c, and other substances that nourish & activate the sperm
        
        Prostate Gland: Secretes a milky fluid that helps activate sperm
        
        makes up 25% of semen
        
        Bulbourethral Gland: Also called Cowper's Gland:
        
        secretes an alkaline mucus in response to sexual stimulation
        
        lubricates penis for penetration right b4 ejaculation
      - Gonads
        
        External Genitalia
        
        Sperm
        
        Head: contains nucleus w/ DNA inside
        
        Acrosome: anterior portion of head, contain enzyme needed for penetration
        -Midpiece: contains mitochondria that provide energy, ATP for journey through the female reproductive system
        
        Flagella: only human cell with a tail, it propels spermatocyte
        
        Semen: sperm swims because of this. It's a milky white mixture of secretions from many glands
        
        Alkalinity
        
        Inhibits bacterial multiplication
        
        Penis
        
        Scrotum
        
        Scrotum: Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that holds the testes
        
        maintains the testes 3 degrees celsius lower than normal body temp to preserve sperm viability
        
        regulates temperature
        
        Penis: tubular organ through which distal portion of urethra passes
        
        conducts urine to exterior
        
        delivers semen into female reproducitve tract
        
        Root: attached to body wall
        
        Shaft (body): free movable portion of penis
        
        Glands Penis: enlarged tip, contains urethral opening
        
        Prepuce (foreskin): fold cuff of skin around proximal end, often removed during circumcision
        
        Internal Structure of Penis
        
        Pair of Corpora Cavernosa: surrounds blood vessel which contains most of blood during erection
        
        Corpora Sponglosum: surrounds the urethra
        
        Testes: primary male sex organ
        
        produces sperm
- - - - Has Fibrous capsule called Tunica Albunginea
        
        Outer Cortex houses developing gamete the oocyte. within follicles (sac like structures that hold the oocyte).
        
        Inner Medulla contains loose connective tissue w/ large blood vessels & nerves
        
        support
        
        Suspensory Ligaments:secure ovary to lateral walls of the pelvis
        
        Ovarian Ligaments : attach to the uterus
        
        Broad Ligament : encloses suspensory ligament
    - - *made out of the
        
        Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes:
        
        Uterus
        
        Vagina
        
        Uterine Tube: Receive the ovulated oocyte
        
        provide a site for fertilization
        
        attach medially to uterus
        
        Uterine Tube Regions
        
        infundibulum: open end is a funnel shape, not connected to uterus
        
        Fimbriae: finger like projections at the distal end that draws the ovum into the uterine tube
        
        Uterus: Receives, returns, and nourishes the fertilized egg
        
        Hollow Organ
        
        support
        
        Broad Ligament: attached to pelvis
        
        Round Ligament: anchor interiorly
        
        Uterosacral Ligament: anchored posteriorly
        
        regions
        
        Body: main portion
        
        Fundus: area where uterine tube enters
        
        Cervix: narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina or opening into the uterus
        
        walls
        
        Endometrium: inner layer, allows for implantation of fertilized egg, sloughs off if pregnancy doesnt occur during menses
        
        Myometrium: middle layer of smooth muscle
        
        Perimetrium: Outer visceral peritoneum
        
        Vagina: serves as birth canal, has hymen which partially closes the vagina until its ruptured
        
        Labia: skinfolds around the vaginal opening
        
        Labia Majora: outer fold
        
        Labia Minora: inner fold
        
        Vestibule: enclosed by labia majora, contains the openings to the urethra and greater vestibular gland or Bartholin's Gland.
        
        Clitoris: Contains erectile tissue
      - Oocyte
        
        matured in developing ovarian follicles
        
        matured oocyte are called Graafian Follicle just before being released
        
        Mammary Glands:
        
        Responsible for milk production after birth by the hormone prolactin
- - - - Triggered by low levels of testoserone
        
        controlled by a negative feedback loop
      - Testosterone: stimulates the reproductive : organ development and sex drive
        
        Causes secondary sex characteristics such as:
        
        deepening of voice
        
        increased hair growth
        
        enlargement of skeletal muscles
        
        thickening of bones
        
        Inhibin: released by testes when high levels of testoserone are present, to stimulate hypothalamus into releasing GnRH to stop the production of both LH and FSH
- - - - Inhibin: decrease release of FSH by anterior pituitary gland
        
        Estrogen: primary female sex hormone released by follicle
        
        low levels cause the release of FSH
        
        High levels causes release of LH and GnRH
        
        Causes secondary sex characteristics:
        
        breast development
        
        skeletal muscle growth and bone thickening
        
        breast development
        
        widening of hips
        
        appearance of bodily hair
        
        increase in fat beneath the skin
        
        onset on menses
        
        Progesterone: triggers suppression of the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH
        
        stimulates the development and growth of the lining of the uterine wall to get ready for implantation
- - - - Proliferative Phase: days 6-14: Estrogen stimulates growth of blood vessels of the endometrium causing it to double in thickness
        
        Secretory Phase: days 15-28: rising levels of progesterone caused by corpus luteum makes uterus ready for pregnancy, uterine glands enlarge and built nutrients to sustain embryo if implantation occurs
- - - - Corpus Luteum: secretes progesterone, some estrogen, and inhibin which suppresses FSH
- - - - Syphilis: caused by bacteria can be cured with antibiotics on early stages, sores can appear anywhere semen and vaginal fluid came in contact with. symptoms= pain and chancres which are copper colored skin rashed, later fever, headaches, and loss of appetite can occur
        
        Herpes: caused by herpes virus, CANNOT be cured but treated with antiviral medicine(cant ever ever get rid of) female: blisters around vagina and fever/ headache, Male: blisters, small sores on penis
        
        Genital/ Veneral Warts; caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) no cure but vaccination prevents it, associated w/ cervical cancer in females, may cause itching but most dont cause pain., tiny cauliflowers
        
        Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread through intercourse but also through needles or mother to baby, no cure only treatment, symptoms include fever, fatigue, no symptoms, weight loss, death after opportunistic infections.
        
        Pubic Lice OR Crabs: Caused by crab looking PARASITE: spread through DIRECT contact with lice ANY contact TREATED with shampoo or cream, lots and lots of itching
        
        Trichomoniasis: Caused by tiny PARASITE, most common in women mother to baby during delivery. female: itching and burning of vagina, pain while urinating, MALE: no symptoms, discomfort, inflamed head of penis treatment through oral medication.