History - Yr10
Key concepts
Cause and Effect
Contestability
Continuity and Change
Evidence
Perspectives
Empathy
Perspectives are a point of view
The position from which people see and understand events going on in the world around them.
Historians recognise that over time some things stay the same, while others change.
Aspects of the past that have stayed the same over time are referred to as continuities.
Aspects that do not stay the same are referred to as changes
Cause and effect aims to identify the reasons why events have occurred and the resulting consequences from it.
Relates to explanations or interpretations of past events that are open to debate.
Significance
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Evidence is information
gathered from historical sources
Primary sources- sources that were created at the time of the event. Might include bones, letters, art, tools.
Secondary sources- these are reconstructions of the past by people living at a later time. Might include books, articles, models, documentary films.
Empathy is the ability to ‘walk in someone else’s shoes’- to be aware of, and sensitive to, their feelings, thoughts and experiences
Significant relates to the importance assigned to aspects of the past, such as events, discoveries, people and historical sites
Causes of WW2
Aftermath of WW1
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
The Great Depression
The Treaty of Versailles
Appeasement
• It lead to a sense of resentment and bitterness among the German people
• Felt unfairly treated
• Due to harsh conditions
• unfair Treaty for Germany
• Had to pay lots for damages making people more angry
• Germany was excluded and didn’t have good communication with other countries
• Germany was forced into accepting treaty and responsibility of damages
• Resentment was exploited by a number of German politicians during the 1920s and 30s
Military Restrictions: conscription banned, German air force disbanded, production of weapons limited, limited army to 100,000 men
Reparations: the payments Germany had to pay for loos and damages
Article 231: It blamed Germany and its allies for starting WW1. Germany had to pay for reparations.
Colonies: German colonies were divided between allies. Germany territory was given to neighbouring nations
League of Nations: organisation formed with the aim of preventing another war and maintaining world peace
End of WW1
• WW1 left many countries across Europe devastated
-Nations dedicated all available resources
-Over 8 million soldiers and sailors lost their lives
-Similar number of civilians died
-21 million people were wounded
• Immediately after the war ended, in 1918, the world was hit with the Spanish flu pandemic
-Lasted a year
-Death of over 30 million people, mostly aged 20-40 years old
Treaty of Versailles
• January 1919 the leaders of 32 nations met at Paris Peace Conference to come up with a plan for rebuilding Europe and ensuring ongoing peace.
• Conference was dominated by the leaders of the four major powers (Britain, French, America and Italy)
-France wanted revenge and compensation for the damages done and wanted to weaken Germany so it would never be able to take up arms again.
-America wanted to achieve lasting peace with a treaty that punished Germany, but not too harshly that they would want revenge one day.
• The treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28 , 1919
-Germany public were opposed to the terms
-Germany knew that if they did not sign, troops would invade Germany and they did not have the resources to stop them
Terms of The Treaty of Versailles
-Germany was required to surrender large sections of its territory and all of its overseas colonies.
-Germany was required to limit its army to 100,00 men who were most volunteers.
-Germany prohibited from possessing an air force, tanks, submarines or heavy artillery.
-Germany was required to accept full responsibility of starting the war and forced to pay reparations (compensation).
-Agreed Germany should pay 7 billion British pound ($526 billion Aus dollars)
League of Nations
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• The League of Nations was an international organisation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
• Main aim was to maintain world peace and prevent outbreak of future wars.
• Encouraged countries to negotiate with each other rather than engage in military conflict.
• 42 countries joined LON.
• Idea was suggested by Us President Wilson; however, USA did not join as the American people did not want to get involved in European affairs.
• LON had some success, however, it failed in preventing another war from starting.
• 1929 October 24- black Friday
• Prices of stocks crash
-Millions of stocks start selling everyday
-Erasing large chunks of Americas wealth
-People who took out loans were now in debt
-Companies closed down, unemployment increased
-People were receiving about 10c for every $1 they invested
-The money that banks borrowed was lost
-Banks closed down
• Affects of the GD were felt around the globe
• Germany was one of the worst affected nations during this time. Suffering:
-Mass unemployment
-Record price rises
-Falls in standard of living
• Workers went on strike, German currency depreciated in value, and the economy suffered as foreign investors moved their money out of Germany
• Rise of Hitler
-Creation of the Nazi party
Roaring 1920s
• WW1 ended 1918
• 1920s- Germany suffered downfall as they struggled to meet the terms set out in the treaty.
• For other nations it was a time of great economic prosperity
• America emerged as one of the victors from WW1
-Led to cultural and economic change known as the roaring twenties
-Boost in the economy and production
-Inventions- vacuums, washing machines etc. were hot commodities
-Bank started giving loans to everyone
-Companies and people rich
-Investments increased which increased stock market
-People started taking out more loans to invest more
-Banks also buying stocks
-Banks started borrowing money from customer bank accounts to buy more stocks
-Economy doing so good nobody noticed
• The national socialist German workers party (Nazi party) formed in Germany 1920
• Adolf Hitler elected chairman in 1921
• Ideology
-Built on German nationalism
-Antisemitism (hostility towards Jews)
-‘stab in the back myth’ the idea that Germany was not detected in WW1 but rather betrayed Jews
•Party failed- ring leaders, including Hitler, received short prison sentences
•Hitler determine to win power legally but party did not receive majority of votes
• Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany.
Rise of Hitler
• After President Hindenburg’s death, Hitler combined the roles of Chancellor and President
• Hitler’s government started implementing many plans and policies
• Start of the war
1 Sept 1931 Nazis invade Poland
3 Sept 1939 England and France declare war on Germany
• Fall of Hitler
Hitler’s popularity remained strong first 3 years of war
In 1942 Germany suffered severe military losses and German cities were regularly bombed
Germans began to turn against Hitler
Hitler gradually withdrew from public life and directed operations from his underground bunker in Berlin
30th April 1945 Hitler took his own life
Persecution of Jewish community
Expansion of Germany’s borders
-Expansion of the military
Compulsory sterilization of Jewish people and those with disabilities
Policy of Appeasement
• After coming into power in 1933 Hitler started to:
-Violating terms of Treaty of Versailles
-Increase size of military
-Increase production of weapons and ammunitions
-Aimed to regain taken territories taken from Germany
• The British and French response to these events was to tolerate them, known as a policy of Appeasement.
• They followed this policy because
-They believed giving in to Hitler’s demands would avoid another war
-Neither France nor Britain could afford to go to war
-Some people believed the Treaty was too harsh on Germany and that Hitler’s actions were justified
Appeasement
• 1938 Hitler took over Austria- France and Britain did not react
• 1838 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland region in Czechoslovakia be returned to Germany and agreed to not make any further claims on territory in Europe – Representatives from Britain. France and Italy agreed.
-Germany then invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939
• 1939 Hitler demanded return of territories in Poland
-Britain formed alliance with Poland to guarantee security
-1 Sept 1939 Germany invaded Poland
-Policy of Appeasement was abandoned
-France and Britain declared war on German 3 sept 1939
Start of WWII in Europe
• 23rd of August, 1939 – Molotov Ribbentrop Pact Signed – Germany and Russia
o Divide Poland & Non-aggression between USSR & Germany
• 1st of September, 1939 – Hitler invades Poland
o At the time Germany had 1.5 million men in the Army
• By the end of September, German Army had control over Poland
• In November, Stalin invades Finland
• Germany won largely thanks to the tactic known as Blitzkrieg, which means ‘lightning war’
o They would send tanks out to quickly overwhelm the enemy, then they would constantly push back the enemy forces, as the other soldiers follow behind
Western Front
• From the fall of 1939 to Spring of 1940, war in Europe was known as the phoney war because no major activity occurred
• Attack on France begins in May, 1940 as Germany went through the low countries to France.
• By June, allied forces are evacuated from French town of Dunkirk to England
• Paris is occupied June 14th, 1940
• Southern part of France was controlled by a puppet government ( ‘Vichy France’)
o This campaign lasted less than six weeks
Battle of Britain
• ‘Operation Sea Lowe’ (Sea Lion)
o The German Luftwaffe had 2,800 aircraft, which outnumbered the Royal Air Force (RAF) four to one.
• August 1940, German begin to bomb Southern England.
• Hitler hoped England would accept German domination of Europe
• Postpones invasion until British air force could be destroyed
The Blitz
• In September Germans begin the blitz and shift their bombing to London and abandon invasion
• Between September 1940, may to 1941 about two million houses (most in London) were destroyed and 60,000 civilians were killed.
The Eastern Front
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Operation Barbarossa”
• Attack begins June 22, 1941, breaking the non- aggression pact.
• Stalin did not believe an invasion would occur until 1942, when both England and France would be defeated.
o Total of 3,400 tanks and 3 million men used in the German invasion.
Seige of Leningrad
• September 8th, 1941- January 27th, 1944
o Part of Operation Barbarossa
• Civilians turned dug anti-tank ditches around the city
• Two hundred thousand Red Army defenders protect 3,000,000 inhabitants
• With the help of the Finnish, German Army invades 2nd largest city in USSR
• City would be surrounded (siege). Shelling and air raids continued for almost 900 days.
• In 1942, 650,000 died during the siege
• Soviet offensive in 1944 was able to lift the siege.
Battle of Stalingrad
• Considered turning point in WWII
• Goal was to take oil fields and control communication lines. Final target was to take the city of Baku.
• Hitler ordered to “fight to the last bullet”
• Gen. Von Paulus surrenders, 91,000 Germans taken prisoner
• Fought during the winter of 1942 to 1943
• Battle was hand to hand combat, street by street. Over 2 million soldiers involved
• Germans were unable to secure the city by winter
Women in war
IN the war
End of the war
Before the war
Australian woman before the war:
• Before WWII women were not permitted to sever the military.
• Women maintained a fairly standard, underappreciated lifestyle.
• Middle class women could only be trained as nurses and teachers and were forced to give up their jobs after marriage.
• Married middle class women were expected to be home makers, raise their children and look after their husbands whom they solely depended on.
• The idea of middle class married women working was frowned upon, as it was perceived as a threat to the jobs of men.
Australian women in the war:
• As Australia became more involved on the war and need for men and resources grew higher, women were given the opportunity to take more on
• Women were not sent overseas to fights, but trained in many of the home fronts tasks so that servicemen could be freed up to join overseas forces
By the end of the War:
• Each of the three military services formed their own women’s auxiliary corps:
o Women’s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAF) – 18 500 women
o Australian Women’s Army Service (AWAS) – 24 000 women
o Women’s Royal Australian Navel Service (WRANS) – 2000 women
• Some involved in traditional men’s roles, as signallers, truck and ambulance drivers, wireless telegraphers or aircraft ground staff
• They were paid roughly two thirds of men’s pay rates
Course of the War
Phoney war
Siege of Tobruk
Battle of Britain
Operation Barbarossa
Battle of France
War in Asia - kakoda
Cause of the war in Asia and the Pacific - KAKODA
The Phoney War
Battle of Kokoda In July 1942,
Japanese troops landed near Gona on the north coast of Papua (now a part of Papua New Guinea)
Australian troops were stationed in Port Moresby in the south.
Causes
during the early 1900s, Japan was a powerful,
independent and nationalistic country with a strong army
Great Depression of the 1930s caused massive
unemployment and major social problems in Japan
in 1940, Japansigned the Tripartite Pact, which cemented the alliance of the Axis powers
military takeover of the government.
1936, Japan signed an agreement with Germany known as as the Anti-Comintern Pact
the event that has come to symbolise Japan’s entry into World War II is the attack on Pearl Harbor
September 1939
Germany, France and Britain were officially at war from October 1939 up until April 1940 there were no major battle
April 1940, when Germany attacked and defeated
Denmark and Norway.
first two years of the war, Nazi Germany
and its allies enjoyed considerable military success