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(External Factors, Internal Factors, Factors leading to the decline) -…

- - - - the Mongols’ destruction of Baghdad
        
        the Christian reconquista of Al-Andalus
        
        the Crusades to some extent
        
        the general shrinking of the Muslim Ottoman, Mughal, and Saffavid empires
    - - the loss of commercial dominance of the East
        
        the opening of the treasure troves of America and India for the West
- - - - putting down “foreign sciences”
      - the religious fields and “useful science” are stressed
    - - the lack of institutionalization of the culture of science,
        
        a lack of continuity in time and space
        
        the absence of communities and centers of science
        
        limited the opportunities for fruitful exchanges and
        
        Limited the awareness of any substantial progress
    - - the absence of real universities or institutions of higher education
        
        systematic investigation and discussion of all ideas put forward by previous thinkers
    - - a social chasm between the elite and the lay culture
        
        the masses became unaware and unsupportive of their pursuit.