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The Reproductive System; Alyssa Najarro P.1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Reproductive Hormone Secretion
        Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Gonadal Axis
        Hormones involved;
        
        Sex Hormones; Testosterone (males) and Estrogens and Progesterones (females)- acting at target tissues in the body. Exerting negative feedback on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
        
        Follicle-stimulatory hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone- gonadotropins release from the anterior pituitary
        
        Inhibin- are released from gonads of both males and females exerting negative feedback on FSH release from the anterior pituitary
        
        Gonadotropin- the cleansing hormone (GnRH)
        -Released from the hypothalamus then reaches pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal system
        
        Effects of Estrogen and Progesterones
        
        Maintains low cholesterol and high HDC levels, facilates calcium uptakes
        
        -Growth of breasts
        -Increased deposit of subcutaneous fat such as hips and breasts
        -widening and lightening of pelvis
        -Estrogen also has metabolic effects
        
        Estrogens promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary. Exerting anabolic effect on female reproductive tract. It induces secondary sex characteristics and support rapid short lived growth spurt at puberty
        
        Progesterone
        
        Promotes changes in cervical mucus
        
        Works with estrogen to establish and regulate uterine cycle
        
        Effects of placental progesterone luring pregnancy
        
        Inhibits uterine motility and help prepare breasts for lactation
      - Primary Sex Organs (gonads)- testes (males) and ovaries (females) produce two products;
        1) Gametes; sperm (males) and ova (females)
        Gametes are formed by cell division called meiosis
        2) Sex Hormones (steroid hormones); Testosterone (males) and Estrogens and Progesterones (females)
        These hormones are vital in development and functions of the reproductive organs and other organs/tissues, sexual behavior and sexual drives
        Accessory reproductive organs include ducts, glands, and external genetalia
- - - - The Testes
        
        Male Duct System
        Accessory ducts- carry sperm from testes to the body exterior.
        Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra
        
        Penis
        
        Male Accessory Glands
        
        Semen is a milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions.
        2-5 ml of semen are ejaculated containing 20-150 million sperm. It contains fructose for ATP production protecting and activating sperm and sperm movements.
        Alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of the male urethra and female vagina enhancing motility
        
        Spermatogenesis is the process of forming male gametes and occurs in the seminiferous tubules beginning at puberty around 14 years old
        Adults males make about 90 million sperm daily
        Takes 64-72 days if the conditions are stable
        
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        Prostate encircles the urethra inferior to the bladder. Consisting of a smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation.
        Secreting milky, slightly acidic fluid also containing citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigens.
        It contributes in the role of sperm activation and enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation making up 1/3 of the semen volume
        
        Ducts of the seminal glands joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
        
        Bulbo-urethral glands producing thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal lubricating glans penis. Also neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra
        
        Seminal Glands contain smooth muscles that contracts during ejaculation producing viscous alkaline seminal fluid. Fructose, citric acid, congulating enzymez, and prostaglandins comprising 70% volume of semen
        
        Prepuce or foreskin- is the cuff of loose skin covering the glans
        Circumcision is a surgical removal of the foreskin
        
        It consists of the root and shaft that ends in Glans Penis
        
        Internally the penis is made up of connective tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces;
        Corpus sponglosum- surrounds the urethra and expands to form glans and bulbs of penis
        Corpora Cavernosa are paired dorsal erectile bodies
        Erection is erectile tissue filling with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid
        
        The Penis is the male copulatory organ and one of the two External genitalia, the other being the scrotum
        
        Vasectomy is cutting and ligating the ductus deferens and is a nearly 100% effective form of birth control
        
        Ductus Deferens (vas deferens) is 45 cm long passing through inguinal canal to the pelvic cavity. It then joins the duct of seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct. The smooth muscle in the walls propels sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
        
        Urethra conveys both urine and semen at different times*
        
        The septa divided the testes into 250 lobules, each containing one-four Seminiferous tubules
        
        Each testis is surrounded by two tunics;
        Tunica Vaginalis- the outermost layer derived from peritoneum
        Tunica albuginea- the inner layer forms fibrous capsule
        
        The site for sperm production and sperm is conveyed from the seminiferous tubules to straight tubule -> Rete Testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymis
        
        The Epididymis is made up of the head, the body, and the tail where sperm is held in the tail until ejaculation
        
        Spermatic Cord encloses nerve fibers, blood vessels, and lymphatic that supply testes
        
        Sperm mature in the epididymis and is highly coiled. Passing slowly through at a rate that usually takes 20 days which is when they finally gain the ability to swim and can be stored for several months. During ejaculation, epididymis contracts, expelling sperm into the ductus deferens
      - Contains paired testes and is 3C lower than the core body temperature. A lower temperature is necessary for sperm production otherwise the scrotum is affected by temperature changes
      - The sac of skin and superficial fascia which hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
      - The midline septum divides the scrotum into two compartments, one for each testes.
- - - - Prostate Cancer is the 3rd most common cause of cancer death in males that affects one in six men in the U.S.
        Digital exam screening, PSA levels can be checked by having a high rate of false positives.
        Treated with surgery and sometimes radiation.
        Metastatic prostate cancer is treated with drugs that block testosterone synthesis or action.
        
        Cervical Cancer affects 450k women worldwide each year killing half of them. It is most common in women ages 30-50.
        Risks are frequent cervical inflammation, STI's, including HPV, or multiple pregnancies
        Gardasil is a three dose vaccine that protects against HPV recommended for young girls ages 11-12 years old.
        Pap smear for detection recommended every 3 years for ages 21-30. Every 5 years for ages 30-65 but include HPV testing discontinuing at 65, after a hysterectomy, or with sexual inactivity
        
        Breast Cancer
        Invasive breast cancer is the most common malignancy and second most common cause of cancer death in US women.
        13% of women will develop the condition usually arising from epithelial cells of smallest ducts that eventually metastasize
        
        STIs and reproductive disorders
        STIs are also called Sexually transmitted diseases or Venereal discases
        Contraceptives help prevent the spread
        STIs are single most important cause of reproductive disorders
        
        Bacterial and Parasitic sexually transmitted infections
        
        Newborns picking bacteria up from birth canal can develop;
        Conjunctivitis which is a painful eye infection that can lead to corneal scarring if untreated along with inflammation with the respiratory tract including pneumonia
        Treatment includes antibiotics
        
        Responsible for 25-50% of all diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease
        Symptoms are Urethritis which is penile and vaginal discharges, abnormal, rectal, or testicular pain, painful intercourse, irregular menses.
        Only 20% of women and 10% of men have symptoms if its left untreated which can lead to sterility.
        
        Chlamydia is the most common bacterial STI in the US caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis and can be contracted from the birth canal by newborns
        
        Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection that is common in women than men and is easily and inexpensively treated.
        Symptoms; 70% of women have no symptoms, 30% have yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor
        
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        Treatments Depending on the characteristics of the lesion, radiation, chemotherapy, or surgery, with more radiation and chemotherapy to destroy stray cells
        Drugs for estrogen responsive cancers
        
        Diagnosis can be an early detection via self-examination and *mammography which is a type of x-ray
        
        Lumpectomy is a less invasive and excises only cancerous lumps
        
        Risk factors
        -early onset of menstration and late menopause
        -no pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
        -No or short periods of breast feeding
        -Family history of breast cancer
        70% of women with breast cancer have no known risk factors
- - - - Uterine Tubes are also called fallopian tubes or oviducts receiving the ovulation cycle and is the normal site for fertilization.
        
        The Uterus is a hollow thick walled and muscular organ. Its function is to receive, retain, and nourish fertilized ovums
        
        The Vagina is a thick walled tube 8-10 cm in length and functions as a birth canal and passageway for menstrual flow and organ of copulation
        Vaginal secretions are acidic in adult females
        Mucosa near the vaginal orifice forms incomplete partition called Hymen that ruptures with intercourse
        
        External Genitalia Females external genitalia also called vulva include;
        
        The female Perineum is a diamond shaped region between the pubic arch and the coccyx
        
        Mammary Glands are present in both males and females but normally function only in females.
        Their main function is milk production to nourish newborns. Modified sweat glands consist of 12-25 lobes.
        Areola is pigmented skin surrounding the nipple. Lobules within the lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk.
        Breast size is due to the amount of fat deposits.
        
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        Clitoris is anterior to the vestibule, the counterpart of the penis, the body of the clitoris has erectile tissue
        
        Vestibule is a recess within the labia majora
        
        Labia Majora is a hair covered fatty skin folds, the counterparts of the male scrotum
        
        Mons Pubis is the fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
        
        Uterine Wall has three layers
        
        Regions of the Uterus
        Body is the main portion
        Fundus is the rounded superior region
        Isthmus is the narrowed inferior region
        Cervix is the narrowed neck, or outlet that projects into the vagina
        Cervical Canal communicates with the vagina via external os and the uterine body via internal os
        
        Perimetrium is the outermost serous layer (visceral peritoneum)
        
        Myometrium is the bulky layer consisting of interlacing layers of smooth muscle and contracts rhythmically during childbirth
        
        Endometrium is the mucosal lining. A simple columnar epithelium on top of a thick lamina propia where the fertilized egg burrow into the endometrium and resides there during development
        
        Regions of the Uterine Tube
        Infundi bulumn is a funnel shaped opening into the peritoneal cavity. The margins contain ciliated projections called fimbriae that drape over the overy and is the site where fertilization usually occurs
        
        Each tube is 10 cm long and extends from the area of ovary to the superior region of the uterus
        
        During ovulation, the uterine tube captures ooocytes and it is then carried along towards the uterus by smooth muscle peristalisis and ciliary action