Factors limiting stem cell treatments

iPSC-CM repair of cardiac ischaemic event

Tissue rejection

Age-related degeneration

Ethical consideration with ESCs

Poor retention of iPSCs

Arrhythmia

iPSCs-CMs lack ultrastructure and T-tubule present in natural MCs

Slower calcium signalling and lower force profiles

fibrin scaffold patch

iPSCs derived cardiomyocytes

iPSCs derived endothelial cells

iPSCs derived smooth muscles

fibrin scaffold as support

Cells within patch beat synchronously without arrhythmia in porcine model.

still poor retention

platelet production for genetic defects

thalassaemia

immunodeficiency

megakaryocyte dysfunction

iPSCs-megakaryocyte release less platelets than native megakaryocytes

iPSCs-megakaryocytes have reduced ability to generate a demarcation membrane than native megakaryocytes.

demarcation membrane is a surface invagination acting as a reservoir for production of platelets

Teratogenic property

iPSCs have lower pluripotency

CAR T-cell therapy against cancer

Platelets with new functions

reduce angiogenesis of tumours

liver repair