Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Introduction to Tourism, Planning and Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Miossec (1977) as cited in Gartner 1996, identify destination evolution through physical change based on four levels:
        
        Development of facilities
        
        ( eg: resort)
        
        Development of Transport
        
        Development of Tourists Behavior
        
        Attitudes of decision makers and population of receiving regions.
    - - Butler (1980), portrays tourism development through six stages:
        
        Exploration
        
        Involvement
        
        Development
        
        Consolidation
        
        Stagnation
        
        Decline
- - - - United Nations (2014), has measured the development of a country based on statistical indexes such as:
        
        Income per capita/person
        
        Based on a three-year average estimate of the
        
        per capita gross national income (GNI), with a
        
        threshold of $992 for candidate countries for
        
        addition to the list, and a threshold of $1,190 for
        
        graduation from LDC status
        
        Human assets
        
        Involving a composite index (the Human Assets
        
        Index) based on the following indicators:
        
        (i) nutrition (percentage of the population that is undernourished);
        
        (ii) health (child mortality ratio);
        
        (iii) school enrolment (gross secondary school enrolment ratio); and
        
        (iv) literacy (adult literacy ratio);
        
        Economic Vulnerability
        
        Involving a composite index (the Economic Vulnerability Index) based on the following indicators:
        
        (i) natural shocks (index of instability of agricultural
        
        production; and the percentage of victims of natural
        
        disasters);
        
        (ii) trade-related shocks (index of instability of exports of
        
        goods and services);
        
        (iii) physical exposure to shocks (proportion of population
        
        living in low-lying areas);
- - - - Satisfactions to users
      - Rewards to owners
      - Protected utilization of environmental resources
      - Gunn & Var (2002) suggested four goals for vision of better tourism development:
        
        (1) Enhanced visitor satisfactions
        
        (2) Improved economics and business success
        
        (3) Sustainable resource use
        
        (4) Community and Area integration
  - - - In September 2000, United Nations announced the establishment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be reached by 2015.
      - The aims were to eradicate extreme poverty and world hunger, achieve universal primary education, ensure environmental sustainability and develop a global partnership for development.
      - By the end of 2015, despite the efforts and advances, the achievement of the goals was uneven.
      - September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly approved the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, comprising of 17 goals in a nine framework
      - Tourism can contribute directly or indirectly to all these Goals. Specifically, tourism appears in the targets of Goals 8, 12 and 14, which relate, respectively, to inclusive and sustainable economic development, sustainable consumption and production, and sustainable use of oceans and marine resources.