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INTRODUCTION TO TOURISM, PLANNING, AND DEVELOPMENT, Major types of…

- - - - Tourism as a concept of space and time.
      - Space = travel away from home location or region
        
        Time = time spent away from home location
        
        Different terms exists:
        
        Eg: International tourist, International excursionist, domestic tourists
- - - - Organizing the future to achieve certain objectives
    - - Planning is concerned with anticipating and regulating change in a system to promote orderly development to increase the social, economic and environmental benefits as part of development process.
      - Planning becomes ‘an ordered sequence of operations, designed to lead to the achievement of either a single goal or to a balance between several goals’
- - - - Eg: GNP, GDP, GNI
- - - - Developed countries
      - Economies in transition
      - Developing counties
      - Least Developed Countries
    - - Countries in transition are generally defined as having a centrally planned economy that is switching to a market economy.
        They are found mostly around Russia. The Russian Federation is the most notable country in transition
        
        Developing economies are numerous and are generally located in the regions of The Asia Pacific, South America, Africa and the Middle East.
        Country in Latin America and the Caribbean are also consider as developing, except for Haiti, the least developed countries
    - - Based on a three-year average estimate of the
        
        per capita gross national income (GNI), with a
        
        threshold of $992 for candidate countries for
        
        addition to the list, and a threshold of $1,190 for
        
        graduation from LDC status.
    - - Involving a composite index (the Human Assets
        
        Index) based on the following indicators:
        
        (i) nutrition (percentage of the population that is undernourished);
        
        (ii) health (child mortality ratio);
        
        (iii) school enrolment (gross secondary school enrolment ratio); and
        
        (iv) literacy (adult literacy ratio);
    - - Involving a composite index (the Economic Vulnerability Index) based on the following indicators:
        
        (i) natural shocks (index of instability of agricultural
        
        production; and the percentage of victims of natural
        
        disasters);
        
        (ii) trade-related shocks (index of instability of exports of
        
        goods and services);
        
        (iii) physical exposure to shocks (proportion of population
        
        living in low-lying areas);
        
        economic exposure to shocks (share of agriculture,
        
        forestry and fisheries in gross domestic product (GDP);
        
        index of merchandise export concentration);
        
        (v) smallness (population in logarithm); and
        
        (vi) remoteness (index of remoteness).
        
        (v) economic exposure to shocks (share of agriculture,
        
        forestry and fisheries in gross domestic product (GDP);
        
        index of merchandise export concentration);
        
        (v) smallness (population in logarithm);
        
        (vi) remoteness (index of remoteness).
- - - - Gunn & Var (2002) suggested four goals for vision of better tourism development:
        
        (1) Enhanced visitor satisfactions
        
        (2) Improved economics and business success
        
        (3) Sustainable resource use
        
        (4) Community and Area integration
- - - - Development of facilities
        
        ( eg: resort)
      - Development of Transport
      - Development of Tourists Behavior
      - Attitudes of decision makers and population of receiving regions.
    - - Exploration
      - Involvement
      - Development
      - Consolidation
      - Stagnation
      - Decline