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bladder cancer - Coggle Diagram
bladder cancer
causes of hematuria
kidney infections
enlarged prostate
urinary tract infections
kidney stones
medications
strenuous exercise
inherited disorders
sickle cell anemia
Alport syndrome
cancer
which might indicate the presence of cancer
investigations for urinary tract neoplasms
cystoscopy
biopsy
urine cytology
imaging tests
CT scan
chest X-ray
MRI
urine culture
urinalysis
blood test
biomarkers
to be able to stage it
anatomy of the urinary bladder
2 ureteral openings
differs between males and females
pathologies might happen like
internal sphincter
external sphincter
1 urethral opening
smooth muscle chamber
complications of papillary transitional cell carcinoma
metastases (to the lung, liver, bone)
Emotional impact
Sexual problems:
Erectile dysfunction
Vaginal narrowing
Urinary diversion
thus returning the structure back to normal
managements of papillary transitional cell carcinoma
surgery
chemotherapy
management depending on the cancer stage
TURBT
immunotherapy
to prevent complications
types of renal tumors
1- renal cell carcinomas
Clear cell carcinomas.
Papillary renal cell carcinomas.
Chromophobe renal cell carcinomas.
2- Benign renal tumors.
3- Wilms tumor.
look for infections associated with bladder cancer
causes / risk factors of papillary transitional cell carcinoma
causes
Secondhand smoke
Occupational Chemical exposure
Chronic bladder infections or irritation
Certain genetic mutations
Drinking water contain arsenic
Previous pelvic radiation
Previous treatment with chemotherapy
Cigarette smoking
risk factors
Low water consumption
Age < 65
Sex (males)
Race and ethnicity
History of bladder problems
History of bladder cancer
Birth abnormalities
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) infection
lead to several events and stages
physical examination for urinary tract neoplasms
digital rectal examination
bimanual pelvic palpation
and further
pathophysiology of papillary transitional cell carcinoma
Hyperplasia pathway - More common / Urothelial hyperplasia progresses to a low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma / Deletion of CDKN2A gene is one of the first molecular changes to be observed / High recurrence rate
Dysplasia pathway - Less common / Dysplasia progresses to a high-grade papillary tumor (more common) OR to a flat urothelial carcinoma (carcinoma in situ) (less common) / HGUC high recurrence rate / High risk of muscle invasion and lymph node and systemic metastases / Genetically unstable associated most commonly with TP53 inactivation mutations
the need of
stages of papillary transitional cell carcinoma
TNM staging system
N
M
T
2
a
b
3
a
b
1
4
b
a
and identify the type
schistosomiasis
a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes
schistosomiasis also called bilharzia / snail fever
in order to manage it in the best way