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Organic Chemistry - Coggle Diagram
Organic Chemistry
Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation can be used to seperate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil into fractions
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The fractions can be processed to produce fuels or feedstock for the petrochemical industry (produces things like plastic and rubber)
Many fuels that we use in our everyday lives like petrol, diesel oil, kerosene, heavy fuel oil and liquefied
petroleum gases, are produced from crude oil.
Many useful materials are produced by the petrochemical industry eg. solvents, lubricants, polymers and detergents
The reason that there are many different natural and synthetic compounds of carbon is because carbon atoms have the ability to form families of similar compounds
How does it work:
- Oil is heated until most of it turns into a gas
- The gas enters the fractioning column
- In the column there is a temperature gradient (hot at the bottom and cool at the top)
- Longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points so condense back into liquid form lower down the fractioning column.
- The shorter hydrocarbons have lower melting points so condense and drain out near the top of the column
- This will leave you with different fractions which contain hydrocarbons of similar lengths and therefore similar boiling points
Cracking
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Some of the products of cracking can be used as fuels as there is a high demand for fuels with small molecules
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Alkanes
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Saturated, each carbon atom forms 4 single covalent bonds
First 4 alkanes are methane, ethane, propane and butane
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Hydrocarbons
Properties:
- The boiling point, viscosity and flammability of hydrocarbons depend on the length of the molecule
- These properties influence how the hydrocarbons are used as fuels
- Longer hydrocarbons are more viscous
- Longer Hydrocarbons have higher boiling points
- Shorter hydrocarbons are more flammable
Combustion:
- The combustion of hydrocarbon fuel releases energy
- During combustion the carbon and hydrogen in the fuel is oxidised
- Complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel only releases water and carbon dioxide as waste
- Hydrocarbons are used as fuels as they release a large amount of energy during combustion
- hydrocarbon + oxygen ----> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)