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Japanese expansion in East Asia (1931-41) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Amur River society
        Thought foreign policy should be based around expansionism + destined to be leader of Asia
        
        included many high-ranking military and cabinet officials
        
        ultranationalism, right-wing organisation with influence over policy
        Since Russo-Japanese war (1904-05) - group funded and carried out sabotage, assassination and espionage activities to limit Russian influence
      - Kwantung army
        Dominated by ultranationalist military officers - determined to prevent Manchuria from falling under Chinese control during the Northern expedition (1926-27)
        Initially worked with the warlord Zhang Zuolin who pushed back the First united front - Zhang retreated in 1923, officers assassinated him
        
        PM Tanaka's failure to instil discipline in the army officers allowed military to gain greater control of Jap govt
        
        army could ignore the govt's orders and punishment - undermined democrayc
        
        Since 1906 - southern Manch railway had been guarded by the Kwantung garrison
        
        follow the radical Kodo-ho, advocating the violent overthrow of the civilian government to bring about a military dictatorship, aggressive and expansionist policy
      - Manchuria's resources and J economy
        Rich in valuable resources - coal, iron ore and bauxite - source of cheap labour, living space for over-populated J
        South Manch railway (SMR) connected ports and other railways in northern China and Korea, profitable
        
        SMR was a core part of the local economy in Manchuria + owned by Japanese business
        
        After the 1929 Depression - J distrustful towards foreign powers, had been dependent on world trade and exports fell drastically
    - - Occupation and into northern China
        Reports of advances into northern China - Chinese troops clashed in Shanghai. Japanese retaliated by bombing heavily populated civilian areas + more troops dispatched to push Chinese forces out of Shanghai
        
        Jap transformed Manch into the puppet state of Manchukuo, Feb 1932
        
        May 1933: truce to formally end invasion - GMD had to recognise the state of Manchukuo + China to agree to a demilitarised zone, would be more vulnerable to future Jap invasions
      - Results of crisis on Japan's international relations
        Strong disapproval: disagreed with the Washington conference, 1921 - action of occupation of Manch and clashes with Chinese forces alienated Western powers
        
        League attempted to intervene with a ceasefire, created the Lytton Commission, Dec 1931 to investigate the bombing - blamed Japan yet unable to impose sanctions on Japan, left the LON
        
        Lack of action mainly due to Great Depression = governments more focused on domestic issues + European peace and stability
    - - Rival factions within the Army
        Kodo-ha (Imperial way faction)
        
        reoganisation of society along with totalitarian and militaristic lines, centralisation, complete obedience
        
        responsible for the Mukden incident
        
        emphasis on 'Japanese spirit'
        
        support the 'strike north' policy - argued communism was the true enemy, acquisition of territory was J's destiny
        
        Tosei-ha (control faction)
        
        still fascist and ultrantionalist, more measured approach
        
        willing to work with the system, create Jap defence
        
        believed modernisation and military reform was important
        
        support the 'strike south' - consolidation of territory in China before advancing