Introduction to Tourism, Planning and Development
EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT CONCEPTS
DEFINITION
What is Planning?
What is Development?
What is Tourism?
Concerned with regulating the changes in a system to promote orderly development to enhance the social, economic and environmental benefits as part of development process.
Tourism is a social, cultural & economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business purposes.
- Process where the society moves from one condition to another and to the goal of the process.
- Implying to the positive transformation or good change.
HISTORY
DEVELOPMENT THROUGH 3 STAGES
The evolution of development concepts is complex because it not only embraces economic growth but also include others indicators towards positive change of social, politic, cultural.
- discover an area by tourist
- tourist flows increase & host society respond to economic activity
- fully institutionalized
(Noronha, 1976)
DESTINATION EVOLUTION THROUGH PHYSICAL CHANGE: 4 LEVELS
- development of facilities
- development of transport
- development of tourist behavior
- attitudes of decision makes & population of receiving regions
(Miossec.1977)
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT (6 STAGES)
- exploration
- involvement
- development
- consolidation
- stagnation
- decline
(Butler, 1980)
CATEGORIES OF COUNTRIES BASED ON DEVELOPMENT STAGE
Separated into 4 categories:
- developed countries (US, Australia)
- economies in transition (Russia)
- developing countries (Asia Pacific)
- least developed countries (Africa)
UNDERDEVELOPMENT
Develop country measured based on:
2. Human assets
- Income per capita
Health
School enrolment
Nutrition
Literacy
3. Economic vulnerability
trade related shocks
physical exposure to shocks
Natural shocks
economic exposure to shocks
remoteness
GOALS
Definition: Goal in tourism planning refers to integration of all tourism development into the social, environment and economic life of a community
SCHOLAR VIEWS
-3 GOALS:
- satisfaction to users
- rewards to owners
- protected utilization of environmental resources
ORGANIZATIONAL VIEW
Millennium Development Goals (MDG)
- eradicate extreme poverty & world hunger, achieve universal primary education. environment sustainability & develop global partnership