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CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Tourism, Planning and Development, Screenshot…

- - - - Tourism as a concept of space and time.
        
        Space = travel away from home location or region
        
        Time = time spent away from home location
  - - - Economic development planning
      - Physical land use planning
      - Infrastructure planning
      - Social facility planning
      - Park & recreation planning
      - Corporate planning
      - Urban regional planning
- - - - Role of economic forces to bring about the development of a society.
        (Mabogunje, 1980 as cited in Telfer, 2002)
        
        1950s and 1960s, the path of development relates to the series of economic steps or stages
        (Rostow, 1960 as cited in Telfer, 2002 )
        
        Late 1960s, many countries economic growth was failed to solve social and political problems (Seers, 1969 as cited in Telfer, 2002) and some countries had realised their economic growth targets, but ‘the levels of living of the masses of people remained for the most part unchanged’ (Todaro, 2000: 14 as cited in Telfer, 2002).
        
        During the 1970s, the widespread of poverty and unemployment cause a new view to consider broader definition of development concept.
        
        1980s realise the emergence of the concept of global sustainable development according to Brundtland Report
        (WCED, 1987)
        
        1990s, the United Nations Development Programme’s on Human Development Report defines development as the enlargement of people’s choices, the most critical being to lead a long, healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to the resources needed for a decent standard of living.
        (UNDP, 1990)
        
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  - - - Discovery of an area by tourists.
      - Tourists flows increase and host societies respond to the economic activity.
      - Fully institutionalized
    - - Development of facilities
        
        ( eg: resort)
      - Development of Transport
      - Development of Tourists Behavior
      - Attitudes of decision makers and population of receiving regions.
    - - Involvement
      - Stagnation
      - Decline
      - Consolidation
      - Development
      - Exploration
- - - - Countries in transition are generally defined as having a centrally planned economy that is switching to a market economy.
      - They are found mostly around Russia. The Russian Federation is the most notable country in transition.
        
        Most of Russia’s neighbours are also countries in transition
    - - Developing economies are numerous and are generally located in the regions of The Asia Pacific, South America, Africa and the Middle East.
      - Country in Latin America and the Caribbean are also consider as developing, except for Haiti, the least developed countries.
    - - Mostly, the least developed countries in the world are found in Africa.
      - There are a few exceptions in the Asia Pacific, the Middle East and in Haiti.
    - - Majority of developed countries are Western nations
      - The only two exceptions to this categories are Japan and Israel.
        
        have close economic and political ties with the United States which benefits them.
  - - - Income per capita/person
        
        Based on a three-year average estimate of the per capita gross national income (GNI), with a threshold of $992 for candidate countries for addition to the list, and a threshold of $1,190 for graduation from LDC status
      - Human assets
        
        Involving a composite index (the Human Assets
        Index) based on the following indicators:
        (i) nutrition (percentage of the population that is undernourished);
        (ii) health (child mortality ratio);
        (iii) school enrolment (gross secondary school enrolment ratio); and
        (iv) literacy (adult literacy ratio);
      - Economic Vulnerability
        
        Involving a composite index (the Economic Vulnerability Index) based on the following indicators:
        (i) natural shocks
        (ii) trade-related shocks
        (iii) physical exposure to shocks
        (iv) economic exposure to shocks
        (v) economic exposure to shocks
        (vi) remoteness
- - - - four goals for vision of better tourism development:
        (Gunn & Var, 2002)
        
        Enhanced visitor satisfactions
        
        Improved economics and business success
        
        Sustainable resource use
        
        Community and Area integration
      - Aims of tourism development
        
        Provide a framework for raising the standard of living of the people through the economic benefits of tourism.
        
        Develop the infrastructure and provide recreation facilities for tourists and local residents
        
        Establish types of development within the tourist centers and resorts that are suitable to the purposes of these areas.
        
        Provide a development program that is in accordance with the cultural, social, and economic philosophy of the government and the people of the host country or destination.