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Chapter 1: - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Developing Countries
        Developing economies are numerous and are generally located in the regions of The Asia Pacific, South America, Africa and the Middle East.
        
        Least Developed Countries
        Mostly, the least developed countries in the world are found in Africa.
  - - - Income per capita:
        Based on a three-year average estimate of the
        per capita gross national income (GNI),
        
        Human assets.
        Involving a composite index (the Human Assets) base on nutrition,health,,school enrolment and literacy
        
        Economic vulnerability
        Involving a composite index (the Economic Vulnerability Index) based on natural shocks ,trade-related shocks ,physical exposure to shocks ,economic exposure to shocks and remoteness
        
        Index)
- - - - Butler (1980), portrays tourism development through six stages:
        
        Exploration
        
        Involvement
        
        Development
        
        Consolidation
        
        Stagnation
        
        Decline
      - Destination evolution through physical change based on four levels:
        
        Development of facilities
        
        Development of Transport
        
        Development of Tourists Behavior
        
        Attitudes of decision makers and population of receiving regions.
        
        Tourism development is being viewed through three stages:
        
        Discovery of an area by tourists.
        
        Tourists flows increase and host societies respond to the economic activity.
        
        Fully institutionalized.
    - - History
        -->>>>Traditionally, development has been defined in terms of western-style modernisation achieved through economic growth
        (Redclift, 1987 as cited in Telfer, 2002)
        
        -->>>>Role of economic forces to bring about the development of a society.
        (Mabogunje, 1980 as cited in Telfer, 2002)
        --->>>>>1950s and 1960s, the path of development relates to the series of economic steps or stages
        (Rostow, 1960 as cited in Telfer, 2002 )
        --->>>>>During the 1970s, the widespread of poverty and unemployment cause a new view to consider broader definition of development concept.
        ---->>>>1980s realise the emergence of the concept of global sustainable development according to Brundtland Report
        (WCED, 1987)
        
        --->>>1990s, the United Nations Development Programme’s on Human Development Report defines development as the enlargement of people’s choices
        --->>>2015 – Millennium Development Goals.
        (United Nations Foundations, 2015)
        --->>>>2020s – Sustainable Development Goals, Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
        (United Nations, 2015)
        
        .
- - - - 3 goals of tourism planning and development:
        ->Satisfactions to users
        ->Rewards to owners
        ->Protected utilization of environmental resources
    - - Tourism can contribute directly or indirectly to all these Goals.