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Parkinson's - Coggle Diagram
Parkinson's
Manifestations
Initial symptoms are milk
Loss of sense of smell
Shaking tremor of one hand or foot while at rest
Loss of arm swing when walking
Shorter steps
Small handwriting, quieter voice
Higher risk of melanoma
Lower bone density
Motor symptoms= resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability, forward-leaning shuffling gait, festination, mask-like face, micrographia
Non-motor symptoms= mood swings, depression, anxiety/panic/fear, cognitive slowing, hallucinations, autonomic hypotension
Other symptoms= drooling, dysphagia, constipation, urinary frequency, sweating, hypersomnolence, REM sleep lost, restless leg syndrome
Complications
Aspiration pneumonia
Altered cognition- dementia, memory deficits
Injury from falls
UTI
Skin breakdown
Anxiety, depression, dementia
Sexual dysfunction
Pain and sensory disturbances
Collaborative Treatment
Drug treatment- ALWAYS give on time to avoid on/off phenomenon
Surgical treatment- deep brain stimulator placement
Exercise
Nutrition- antioxidant, calcium, high fiber, water
Occupational therapy
Physical therapy
Speech
Support groups
Causes
Neurotransmitter imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine
In the extrapyramidal system- dopamine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter
A failure in production of dopamine results in acetylcholine dominating
Cause is unknown, but likely multifactorial and an interaction of environment and genetics
Damage and loss of dopaminergic neurons results in the extrapyramidal pathway- symptoms will appear when 60-80% of neurons are already lost
Potentially oxidative stress to the neurons impairing mitochondrial function and inability of neurons to render oxidative compounds harmless, resulting in damage to the neurons and cell death
Risk Factors
Over 60 years of age
Male sex
Genetic- 15-25% have a family member with PD
Oxidative stress
Chemical exposure- pesticides and agent orange
Farmers
Labs/Diagnostics
No definitive diagnostic procedures
Diagnosis is made based on manifestations, their progression, and ruling out other diseases