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Brief History of Instructional Design Dusty Kenedy, WWII, Robert Miller,…
Brief History of Instructional Design
Dusty Kenedy
1940s - The Birth of Instructional Design
Training materials were developed for military services
Recruited by psychologist and educators:
Robert Gagne
Leslie Briggs
John Flanagan
They were too asked to develop methods of evaluation in order to determine which particular program benefits the most
Film and television were some of the advancement of technology at that time that allows the military to create training materials
Detailed task analysis methodology was developed
1950s
Programed Instruction Movement started to make an impact during this era
Bite sized instructions was proposed by Skinner for the effective instructional materials that requires immediate response or feedbacks which will allow the learner to dictate the pace of the instructions
Skinner's first form of computer-based learning was called teaching machines
Was developed by Benjamin Bloom that offers the way to classify objectives according to the type of behavior described
Learning assessment should be developed based on the objectives to measure the behavior
"
The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
" includes:
Small steps
Frequent Questions
Immediate feedback
"Taxonomy of Educational Objectives" identifies the principal domains of learning.
Gagner 1965
3 Domains of learning outcomes:
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
5 Learning outcomes:
Verbal Information
Intellectual Skills
Cognitive Strategy
Attitude
Motor Skills
9 Events of instruction in research called "The Conditions of learning"
1960s
The first generalized computer assisted instruction system was completed known as the
Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations
in the University of Illinois
It was designed to accommodate for a higher demand in academic instructions
The development of
Objectives Based Learning
The instructors should include the descriptions of desired learner's behavior
The first person to use the term
Criterion-Referenced Measures
A process used to assess entry-level behaviors and also as a way to measure the students learn the anticipated behaviors of the designed instructions
Formative evaluations to evaluate instructional content during its formation
Summative evaluations to evaluate the end product
1970s
The growth of Instructional Design Models in military, academia, and businesses
The advent of computerized networks led to a combination of classroom teaching and online forms to create computer mediated communication
1980s
The instructional design models continues to grow in business and industry as well as increasingly growing internationally, but schools and many other graduate programs started to decline
The use of microcomputers started to increase which led to many instructional design professionals began redirecting to develop computer based instructions
Developed methods of presenting instructional materials known as Component Display Theory (CDT)
Rising interest in the principles of cognitive psychology (cognitivism)
1990s
World Wide Web (WWW) officially launches in 1991
Constructivists stated that learning should be "authentic" and produces real-world learning experiences that allows the learner to form and construct their own knowledge
Fast growing performance improvement and support trend
Rapid prototyping process is known as quickly prototyped training materials and then revised through rapid testing and iterations
2000s and Beyond
Improved internet penetration online learning (e-learning)
Companies start to use online learning for on-boarding new employees and developing new skills. Learning Management System (LMS) allows single one stop shop to manage, deliver, and track online learning course and assessment
Smart phones and tablets starts to penetrate the industry
"Blended learning" is now used in both education and organizations to deliver training experiences
WWII
Robert Miller
B.F. Skinner
Bloom's Taxonomy 1956
PLATO 1960
Robert Mager 1962
Robert Glaser 1963
Michael Scriven 1967
David Merill 1983