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Block III Neurobehavior and Special Senses System (NBSS) - Coggle Diagram
Block III
Neurobehavior and Special Senses System
(NBSS)
Nervous System
CNS
Brain
Spinal Cord
PNS
Somatic (voluntary)
Crude Body Awareness
Afferent nerves = input
Skeletal Sensory > CNS
Input
Skeletal Muscle
Efferent nerves = output
Output
CNS > Skeletal
Visceral atau Autonomic
Efferent nerves
Sympathetic
Arousal
Parasympathetic
Relaxation
Afferent nerves
Input
Organs > CNS
Internal state regulation
System
Limbic
Fornix
Anterior thalamus
Hippocampus
Involved in motivation and emotion
Cingulate cortex
Learning
Sensitization
More stimulus = amplification
Conditioning
Operant
Not connected to stimuli
Connected to experience of own behavior
Classical
2 stimuli 2 responses
Habituation and sensitization
Habituation
Less Neirotransmitter
Like vs want
Like
Taste/distaste for stimulus
Want
Desire for stimulus
Dopamine linked
Pituitary
Function
Release hormones that trigger other glands
Structure
Anterior
Nose side
Hypothalamic control
Parocellular neurosecretory cells
Hypophysiotropic hormones
Posterior
Hypothalamic control
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
Backside
Hypothalamus
Function
Homeostasis
Visceromotor response
ANS control
Somatic motor response
Somatic motor behavioral control
Humoral response
Hormone control
Anatomy
Medial
Latteral
Perivertricular
Circadian rhythm
Direct connection to pituitary
Important for parasympatic nerveous system
Motor control
Levels
High
Association area (goal)
Basal ganglia (strategy)
Medium
Cerebellum
Motor cortex
Smooth muscle movements
Low
Brain stem
Spinal cord
Actual muscle coordination
Pathways
Rubrospinal
Reflex movement
Ventromedial
Proximate joints
Bodyposition and balance
Lateral
Distal joints
Corticoreticolospinal tract
Against spinal
Areas
Cerebellum
Association cortex
Basal Ganglia
Association cortex
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Somatosensory Cortex
Most in parietal lobe
Primary (S1) on postcentral gyrus
Sleep
Phases
REM
High frequency
Low amplitude
N-REM
Brainwaves
Beta 14+
Alpha 8-13
Quiet waking
Theta 4-7
Some sleep states
Delta 4-
High amplitude deep sleep
Regulation
By
Photoreceptors
Superchiasmic nucleus
Hypothalamus
Promoting factors
Adenosin
Melatonin
Muramyl
Brain Structure
Lobes
Parietal Lobe
Positioning
In the middle "Part"
Knowing where the body is
Frontal Lobe
Remembering
Reasoning
Executive decision maker
In the front
Occipital Lobe
Contains visual cortex
Sensory information
Eyes at the back
Temporal Lobe
Auditory Cortex
Time underlies everything = bottom
Language
Levels
Brainstem
Medial Level
Diencephalon
Limbic system
Food, Fight, Sex
Cerebral Cortex
Insular Cortex
The Lobes
Cerebellum
Structure
Fissures
Tertiary structure
Cortex
Bark around ccerebrum / lobes
Sulci
Valley
Gyri
Mountain
Brain Division
Forebrain
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus
Motivation (connected behavior)
Below hypothalamus and pitiutary
Mammillary bodies
Optic chiasm
Controls pituitary
Thalamus
Send to right sensory cortex part
Receive signals from PNS
Cerebrum / Telencephalon
Largest division
Voluntary movement
Interpret sensory input
Mediates cognitive processes
Divisions
Longitudinal fissure
Connected by Corpus Calossum
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Hindbrain
Metencephalon
Cerebellum
Cognitive tasks
Sensorimotor control
Pons
Tracts sensory signals --> thalamus
Tracts cerebrum --> cerebellum and medulla
Basic functions
Sleep
Respiration
Myelencephalon
Reticuar formation
Sleep
Movement
Attention
Arousal
Transmit brain --> body
Midbrain
Mesencephalon
Tectum
Superior colliculi
Auditory
Inferrior colliculi
Visual
Tegmentum
Red nucleus
Motor coordination
Substantia nigra
Movement
Addiction
Reward
Black Colour
Periaquiductal gray
Descending modulation of pain
Defensive behaviour
Tracts of passage
Structure
CNS Membranes
Blood brain barrier
For protection
Tightly packed membranes around vessels
Only permeable to smaller molecules passively
Meninges
Arachnoid mater (middle)
Cerebrospinal fluid
Subarachnoid space
Between Arachnoid mater and pia mater
Protects against mechanical schock
Produced in Choroid plexuses
Pia mater (inner)
Dura mater (outer)
Neuron Classifications
Axon length
Golgi type I
Long axon
Projection neuron
Golgi type II
Local circuit neuron
Short axon
Type of Nerotransmitter
Type of connections
Primary sensory
Motor
Interneurons
Spinal Cord
Cervical
C1-C8
Neck
Thoraic
T1-T12
Attached to ribs
Lumbar
L1-L5
Lower back
Sacral
S1-S5
Pelvic area
Coccygeal
Cellular
Nervous system cells
Glial Cells
Astrocytes
Contain NT action
Maintain extracellular state
Myelinating Glia
Schwann cell
Myelinate 1 cell
PNS
Oligodendrogia
Myelinate several cells
CNS
Nourishment and support
Neurons
Cell body
Lysosome
Stomach of the cell
Break down unused stuff
Smooth ER
Membrane synthesis
Cholesterol metabolism
Detoxification
Carbohydrate metabolism
Rough ER
Uses ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Dendritic spinals
Octopus bits
Free ribosome
Protein translation
Golgi apparatus
Protein transport
Dendrite
Root like structure
Axon
the tail
Myelin sheath
rolled up along axon
Nodes of Ranvier
Between myelin
Axon terminal
the end of the tail
Neurotransmitters
Synthesis
In Cell body
RER
Peptides
Transport to axon terminal
Axoplasmic transport
Axon terminal
GABA
Amines
Outside cell
Types
Aminoacids
Amines
Peptides
Action potential
Rising phase
Depolarisation
Na influx
Fall phase
Repolarisation
K efflux
Hyperpolarisation
Resting potential
Synaptic transmission
Influx of ca+ causes exocytosis
Vesicle restored in endocytosis
Excitatory post synaptic potential
Inhibiting post synaptic potential
Receptors
Types
G-protein coupled
Autoreceptors
Ion channel
Binders
Substance
Agonist
Works like substance
Antagonist
Binds but doesn't activate
Summation
Spatial
Signals from multiple neurons
Temporal
Higher frequency of excitement
Brain Measurement
Anatomy
CT Scan
Computed Tomography - X ray
MRI
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
More detailed than CT
3D image
Cortical somatotopy
Mapping of cortex to stimuli
Function
PET
Positron emission tomography
Radioactive Tracer Introduced
Glucose linked
EEG
Electroencephalography
Electrical activity over scalp
fMRI
Functional MRI
Track blood flow / oxygen
Links
Neuroanatomic tracing techniques
Anterograde
Trace path of axons downstream
Retrograde
Trace upstream
Organs
Eye
Structure
General and cells
Cornea
Glass body over eye
Optic nerve
Optic disk
Fovea
Highest photoreceptor density
Lens
Ciliary muscle
Lens bender
Zolune fibres
Pulls lens straight when ciliary
muscle relaxes
Retina
Photoreceptors
Types
Rods
Cones
Structure
Outer segment
Cell body
Inner segment
Synaptic terminal
Amacrine cells
Input from bipolar cells
Project neurites
Ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
Other amacrine cells
Ganglion cells
Output from retina
Last layer
Horizontal cells
Input from photoreceptors
Projects neurites
Influence bipolar cells
Influence photoreceptors
Bipolar cells
Macro
Macula
Optic disc
Sclera
White body of eye
Iris
Liquids
Aqeueous humor
Liquid between lens and cornea
Vitreous humor
Liquid between lens and retina
Layers
Ganglion layer
Inner plexiform
Inner nuclear
Cell bodies of bipolar
Outer plexiformm
Outer nuclear layer
Cell bodies photoreceptors
Photoreceptor outer segments
Light sensitive part
Pigmented epithelium
Processing
Done by
LGN
6 Layers
Input mostly from primay visual cortex
V1
Primary visual cortex / stratiate cortex
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Visual hemifields
Auditory system
Structure
Inner ear
Oval window
Hole in bone covered by membrane
Cochlea
Jelly filled space, sound > electric
Organ of Corti
Excitatory hair cells
Basilar membrane
Separates cochlea into 2 tubes
Middle ear
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum
Ossicles
Small bones
Eardrum --> oval window
Outer ear
Pinna
Ear funnel
Audatory canal
2.5 cm
Processing
Depolarisation of hair cells in Organ or Corti
NT release
Spiral ganglia to midbrain
Areas like Thalamus (MGN)
Auditory radiation
Auditory cortex
Delay between MGN and A1
Attenuation reflex
Mono/binaural neurons
Horizontal plane
Vertical plane
Pitch and strength
Phase locking
Tonotopy
Depth of cochlea penetration
Nr of activated hair cells
Innervation of hair cells
95% of communication through
inner hair cells
Outer hair cells amplify
Characteristic frequency
Mental Health
What is Mental Health?
includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being
Most Common Problems
Depression
Anxiety
Phobias
Bi-Polar Disorder
Schizophrenia
Eating Disorders
Personality Disorders
Common Behaviours
Self Harm
Panic Attacks
Suicidal Thoughts
Causes
Difficult Family Backgrounds
Stressful Life Events
Biochemistry
Genes
Physical Health Problems
Social Problems
Management
Self
Interact with people every day
Be Active
Take notice of things around
Set targets
Talk and express
Others
Ask help
Be Open minded, Non-judgemental and Listen
Have Trust and Respect
Treatments
Medication
Talking Therapies
Talking (psychological) treatments can help to overcome emotional difficulties and free yourself from self-destructive ways of feeling, thinking and behaving.
Alzheimer's Disease
What is it?
Neurodegenerative Disease(or neurological disease)
Characterized by neuron loss in specific areas
A specific type of progressive dementia (there are other dementias)
Involving Memory loss and loss of higher cognitve functions
no loss of primary areas
Brain autopsies show accumulation of toxic tangles and plaques
Extracellular Plaques (Beta Amyloid Protein)
Intracellular Tangles (Hyperphosphorylated tau protein)
High risk factor is age
45% of People over 85
Early onset <65
Late onset >65
Genetic Mutation at different Genes but they only account for less than 1% of the occurrence (Importantly shown in patients - swedish) with early onset)
a) Gene that codes for amyloid precursor protein (APP) can have a number of mutations
b) Mutations involved in the processing of APP (enzymes) so that APP ins inappropriately cleaved
result of boht a) and b) is a toxic form of of Amyloid called beta amyloid
released in extracellular space forming aggregates called plaques which are toxic
Animal model: An animal model using mice with a mutation in the gene coding for APP can show this
show Impairment
Impairments in spatial tasks
shows age dependet (at 10 month) impairment in learning
Impairments in spatial tasks
show tangles and plaques
can not be positively diagnozed until autopsy and can not cure
Cinical symptoms
Early stage
Loss of Short TermMemory (Can't rememberrecently learned things)
Deficits in attention
Faulty judgement
Decreased initiative(loss of interest in hobbiesor personal hygiene)
Depression
Middle stage
significant losss of cognitive function
significant memory loss
loss of higher order cognitive function like inabilty to understand jokes
Emotional problems
agression
irritability
Mood swings
Late stage
loss of cognitive function
Memory Loss
Long term memory loss
late stage because long term memory is widely distributed
Loss of sense of self:individuals forget who they are
loss of episodic memoryin Hippocampus
Language break down
Gradual loss of physiological (bodily) functions
Heamorrhage in the brain
because of depostion of amyloid in blood vessels which makes them rupture
Leading to death
Mean time from diagnosis to death = 7 years
Brain imaging studies
Brain Changes
Loss of neurons
Intracellular: Abnormal changes in Neurons
Plaques
Abnormal extracellular depositsof (normal) Beta-Amyloid Protein surrounded by abnormal neuronal processes and glial cellswho try to get rid of it
Abnormal chnange in extracellular space
abnormal depositions (filament) in Neurons
Loss of connectivity because of the loss of dentrites and synapses
Loss of whole structures
Cell loss leads to loss of structures or connectiviy in specific areas
Neocortex
Prefrontal cortex
ability to plan and reason is lost
--> hence confusion
loss in highest order assotiation areas
primary areas remain intact (proprioception; smell, taste touch, vision, hearing)
Lymbic structures
Hippocampus (old cortex) and Entorhinal cortex (neocortex)
learning and memory - short term memory in particular
are among the first areas to degenerate
--> loss of short term memory
Amygdala
the appreciation of the emotional significanc of sth. in a normal way is lost
abnormal social behaviour
mood changes
fear
Raphe Nuclei
Regulation of mood (serotonergic projections to the cortex)
depression
Causes
Cholinergic Hypothesis(Lack of Neurotransmtters)
Reduced synthesis of the neurotramsmiiter acetylcholine
Amyloid hypothesis (Genetic Problem)
Likely a genetic disease leading to abnormal/Mutant proteins
However only < 10 percent of the occurrance can be acounted for gene defects
However only 50% of monocygotic twinsdevelope schizophrenia
Likely genetic and environmental factors are interacting in some cases
factors that increase risk
behaviour factors are under our control (healty life style)
head injury (boxers)
elevated cholesterol and obesity
diabetes
hypertension
arthereosklerosis
smoking
clinical depression
other
Age is highest risk factor
Genes: inheriting a certain allele of a protein apolipo protein e
Diagnostic
Difficulty: Other disesaes / dementias show Alzheimer-Like Symptoms
Depression
Stroke
Lesion in the Hippocampus
Schizophrenia
15% remain undiagnosed because they are diagnosed as other diseases i.e. depression (impaired memory etc.)
Postive Confirmation: Can only be diagnosed post-mortem via autopsy
Histological Methods
i.e. microscopy
Currently no diagnostic method that can detect Alzheimers with 100% probabilty
Using a varity of diagnosticmethods
Skilled Doctors
Behavioural assessment
Cognitive Tests
i.e. Memory Tests
Brain Scans (can only be used to exclude other conditions)
fMRI
MRI
Pet scan
CT Scan
Esai Gagasan
Masalah Kesehatan
Lansia SMART (Sehat, Mandiri, Aktif, dan Produktif) Tanpa Demensia Alzheimer
Ide/Gagasan
Aplikasi "Lansia SMART"
Aplikasi berbasis android
Tujuan
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menyedikan fakta atau berita mengenai Alzheimer
mempermudah dalam proses deteksi seseorang yang berisiko Alzheimer
meningkatkan fungsi kognitif seseorang yang sudah terdeteksi Alzheimer pada fase awal
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Fitur
fitur tes MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination) secara digital
fitur yang terhubung dengan berbagai web dari yayasan Alzheimer dan pemerintahan terkait
fitur permainan yang dapat meningkatkan fungsi kognitif
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fitur yang terhubung dengan dokter-dokter atau platform kesehatan
fitur dalam memesan makanan lansia sehat atau informasi mengenai makanan lansia sehat
fitur chat dalam aplikasi
