Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Chapter 9 Mind Map, Bark, Vascular Cambium, Ray and Fusiform Initials,…

- - - - one of the meristems that produces the second plant body
      - cells between metaxylem and metaphloem don't stop dividing
      - cells are called fascicular cambium
    - - cells are located between metaxylem and metaphloem
      - continue to divide (in primary plants this division would stop)
    - - some mature parenchyma cells can come out of cell arrest
      - cells resume division
      - connects with fascicular cambium on both sides
    - - fusiform initials
      - ray initials
  - - - short vertical rows
      - can be one cell wide (uniseriate)
      - can be two cells wide (biseriate)
      - can be many cells wide (multiseriate)
      - may occur in
        
        regular horizontal rows (stored cambium)
        
        irregular horizontal rows (nonstoried cambium)
- - - - also known as wood
      - all cells formed to the interior of the vascular cambium
    - - axial system is derived from fusiform initials
      - radial system is derived from ray initials
    - - commercially important
      - wood of all basal angiosperms and eudicots
      - contain large amounts of fibers
      - strong, tough, and useful for construction
    - - few or no fibers
      - can be much harder than hardwoods
      - trees such as pines and redwoods
    - - uniseriate, biseriate, or multiseriate masses
      - arrangements of parenchyma in woody angiosperms
      - two types of ray parenchyma cells
        
        upright cells
        
        procumbent cells
      - ray tracheids
        
        horizontal, rectangular cells
        
        look like parenchyma that have secondary walls
        
        also have circular bordered pits and protoplasts
  - - - also called spring wood
      - first wood formed
      - has a high proportion of wide vessels/tracheids
    - - also called summer wood
      - has a lower proportion of vessels
      - contains more numerous fibers/tracheids
      - transpiration is lessened and cuticle is thickened
    - - one year of growth
      - consists on early and late wood combined
      - trees may fail to form ring due to cold temperatures
      - sometimes called growth ring
    - - growth ring has vessels scattered throughout
      - examples are yellow birch, aspen, and sugar maple
    - - vessels are mainly restricted to early wood
      - example are red oak, sassafras, and honey locust
  - - - inner portion of log
      - drier, more fragrant, and darker
    - - outer portion of log
      - moister and lighter
    - - plug formed of protoplasm
      - occurs in the pits of parenchyma cells
- - - - also called phellogen
      - formed from the reactivation of parenchyma cells
      - occurs in secondary phloem
      - all cells are cuboidal
      - after each division, inner cell remains cork but outer cell becomes cork cell (phloem cell)
      - may occasionally produce phelloderm
      - cork cambium, cork cells, and phelloderm make up the periderm
      - all tissues of the innermost cork cambium comprise the outer bark
      - all secondary phloem between vascular cambium and outer bark is the inner bark
- - - - storage parenchyma is increased dramatically
      - numerous vascular cambia arise
      - xylem and phloem are made mainly of parenchyma
      - secondary tissues are made of
        
        parenchyma
        
        sieve tubes
        
        some vessels
        
        vascular cambia
      - multiple cambia can increase storage capacity
    - - in several eudicots, ordinary secondary xylem and phloem are produced
      - after short period, cambium cells stop dividing
      - cambium cells then differentiate into xylem
      - oldest secondary phloem then become reactivated
      - these cells become new cambium
      - this process continues over and over again
      - included phloem
        
        secondary phloem
        
        located in-between bands of xylem
    - - in some species, vascular cambium has unequal activity
      - some areas of the cambium are very active while others are mostly inactive
      - stem becomes a thin, flat, woody ribbon
      - stem is extremely flexible
    - - no monocots have secondary growth
      - some monocots can become woody
      - in these, vascular cambium arises just outside of outermost vascular bundles
      - cambium produces only parenchyma
      - this parenchyma differentiates into secondary vascular bundles
      - become "woody" because of fibers
  - - - primary xylem
      - primary phloem
    - - form of primary growth
      - increase in width and addition of advantageous roots