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Multiple Sclerosis (MS) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Europe
      - The U.S.
      - Canada
      - New Zealand
      - parts of Australia
  - - - Previously it was though men and women got MS equally
  - - - Northern European ancestry
    - - Asians
      - Hispanics/Latinos
      - African Americans
- - - - Those who have an immediate family member with MS are at a greater risk.
  - - - Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6
      - Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
- - - - Record the number of electrical signals produced by your nervous system in response to stimuli
- - - - Weakness
      - Numbness
      - Bladder and bowel problems
    - - Nystagmus
      - Ataxia and weakness in all extremities
    - - vVsion changes
      - Memory problems
      - Blurred Vision
      - Lesions on the optic nerve
- - - - Dioximel fumarate (Vumerity)
      - Teriflunomide (Aubagio)
      - Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera)
      - Siponimod (Mayzent)
      - Fingolimod
      - Cladribine (Mayenclad)
    - - Natalizumab (Tysabri)
      - Alemtuzumab (Campath, Lemtrada)
      - Ocrelizumab (Ocrevus)
    - - Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone, Glatopa)
      - Interferon beta medications
- - - - This triggers the autoimmune response activation of CD4+ T-cells and CD8+ t-cells
        
        These cross the blood brain barrier
        
        CD4+ T-cells activate IL-12 and IL-23
        
        plays a role in the inflammatory destruction of myelin resulting in persistent activation of macrophages and microglia.
        
        Causes the activation of IL-17 from T-helper 1
        
        a highly expressed, more potent proinflammatory cytokine, mainly in disease relapse.
  - - - Loss of brain volume
      - Disruption of sodium, calcium, and potassium ion channels.
      - Gets in the way of whole body function
  - - - Follow an initial relapsing-remitting course
      - Some initially diagnosed with RRMS can transition into SPMS and the disease will progressively worsen neurological function
    - - Most common disease course
      - Characterized by clearly defined attacks of new or increasing neurological symptoms.
        
        Attacks (relapses or exacerbations) are followed by periods or complete or partial recovery (remission)
        
        In remission all or some symptoms may disappear or some may become permanent.
      - Of those with MS about 85 percent are initially diagnosed with RRMS
    - - Characterized by a worsening of neurological function stemming from the onset of symptoms
        
        Occurs without early remission or relapses
      - About 15 percent of peoplewith MS have PPMS
    - - First episode of neurological symptoms caused by demyelination and inflammation in the CNS
        
        A characteristic that by definition is characteristic of MS, lasting at least 24 hours, but does not yet meet the criteria for a diagnosis
        
        When CIS is accompanied by an MS-like lesion on a brain MRI, that individual is more susceptible to a second occurance. WHen the lesion is not present the chances are much lower.