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Geography - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Tectonic
        
        Earthquake, Tsunamis
      - Atomospheric
        
        E.g. Hurricanes or Tornando's
      - Geomorpheric
        
        Floods
      - Biological
        
        Forest fires
  - - - Predict
        
        Pre-shocks measured on Seismographer
        
        Animals may stray
        
        You cannot exactly predict a earthquake however most of the time you can predict a Volcano
      - Protect
        
        Buildings with a stable base and a low centre of gravity are the best
        
        Buildings can include: Cross bracing, Rollers, Shock Absorbs, Emergency exits, Pipes with slack or Fire Resistant
        
        In LIC, Buildings can use Bamboo, Hollow and Reinforced Concrete, Solid Foundation from packed gravel and Steel Corner Beams
      - Prepare
        
        Bottled Water
        
        Emergency Food
        
        First aid kit
        
        Gloves and strong shoes
        
        Warm Clothing and Waterproofs
        
        Spare Bedding or Sleeping Bags
        
        Portable Radio and Torch
        
        Important Documents
    - - Constructive
        
        Eathquake
        
        As it moves apart from ridge push or slab pull, it can fracture causing earthquakes
        
        Volcanoes
        
        When runny lava erupts and spreads cools forming shield volcanoes
        
        Where the Plates move appart
      - Destructive
        
        Eathquake
        
        Volcanoes
        
        Collison
        
        Eathquake
        
        Two plates of the same densities collide and cause material to buckle up and also causes earthquakes
        
        An Oceanic meets continental and is subducted beneath it. The plate melts, the magma rises through the gaps and erupts
      - Conservative
        
        Eathquake
    - - Inner Core
        
        Solid
      - Outer Core
        
        Liquid
      - Mantle
        
        Semi-molten
        
        Upper Portion is weak called the astenosphere
        
        Forms Lithosphere with crust which splits into the tectonic plates
      - Crust
        
        Solid
        
        Oceanic Crust - Thin and dense
        
        Continental Crust - Thick and less dense
      - How the plates move
        
        One theory suggest that convection currents build up in the magma which creates lateral movement under the lithosphere
        
        Another more widely accepted theory suggests the plates move to slab pull and ridge push
        
        Ridge Push - Occurs in Constructive plate boundaries where hot magma rises, cools and splits and slides away forcing the
        plates with them
        
        Slab Pull - Is in destructive plate boundaries where the denser plate is pulled under the lighter plate by gravity, pulling the entire plate with it
  - - - Typhoons
        
        Spin Clockwise and found in the West Pacific
      - Hurricanes
        
        Spin Clockwise and are fond in the West Atlantic and East Pacific
      - Cyclones
        
        Spin anti-clockwise and occur in southern asia
      - They occur between 5 and 15 degrees North or South. Have to have a temperature of 30 degrees c
      - 1) Warm air from thunder storms rises and creates a low
        pressure field underneath 2) Trade winds spin the storm due to the earth's rotation 3) More air is sucked up building up in size and cold air is sucked downwards. 4)The storm begins to move and picks up more warm moist air. 5) The eye has calm winds surrounded by a spinning wall of high winds and heavy rain
      - Measured on the Saffir-Simpson Scale
      - Due to the Low Pressure Field underneath the Storm is sucks up water and this is called a Storm Surge
    - - Three Cells Hadley, Ferrel and Polar
        
        Hadley cell is between 0 and 30 degrees
        
        Air is warm because it gets the most isolation. Some air moves into the Ferrel cell and becomes mild
        
        Ferrel Cell 30 and 60 degrees
        
        Air is mild and moves in a clockwise motion
        
        Some air moves into the Hadley Cell and becomes warm and some some air moves back into the polar and becomes cold
        
        Polar cell is 60 and 90 degrees
        
        Air is cold and moves in an anticlockwise motion.
        
        Some air moves into the Ferrel cell and becomes mild
    - - Rain – can cause flooding damaging homes and business.
      - Snow & Ice – causes injuries and disruption to schools and business. Destroys farm crops.
      - Hail – causes damage to property and crops.
      - Drought – limited water supply can damage crops.
      - Wind – damage to property and damage to trees potentially leading to injury.
      - Thunderstorms – lightening can cause fires or even death.
      - Heat waves – causes breathing difficulties and can disrupt travel.
      - Strategeis to reduce damage
        
        Prediction e.g met office
        
        Reduce climate change
        
        Prepare and adapt to these events, e.g Thames Barrier
  - - - Alternative energy production will reduce CO2
      - Planting Trees – helps to remove carbon dioxide.
      - Carbon Capture – takes carbon dioxide from emission sources is stored underground.
      - International Agreements e.g. the Paris Climate Agreement.
    - - Changes in agricultural systems need to react to changing rainfall and temperature patterns and threat of disease and pests.
      - -Managing water supplies – eg. by installing water efficient devices and increasing supply through desalination plants.
      - Reducing risk from rising sea levels would involve constructing defences such as the Thames Flood Barrier or restoring mangrove forests, or raising buildings on stilts.