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Panama in the 20th Century - Coggle Diagram
Panama in the 20th Century
Republican initiation 1904-1912
When Panama emerged to independent life in November 1903, it had approximately 300,000 inhabitants, not including indigenous peoples.
The Province of Panama had 103,000 inhabitants, being the most populated in the country and the capital city was home to 70,000 inhabitants.
According to the Census Bureau, the ethnic composition of the population was as follows: 56.99% were derived brown races; 14.54% were black; 14.02% were Indians; 13.76% were white and 0.69% were yellow.
Unlike other nations that emerged to independent life with increased war debts, on the contrary Panama was born with a surplus: ten million dollars that the United States granted as compensation.
Porras and the modernization of the Republic 1912-1924
Uncompromising progress (1912-1916) When Porras assumed the presidency in 1912, the public debt was one million balboas and the state coffers were empty.
Porras inherited a nineteenth-century, backward and disorganized country that he set out to insert in the twentieth century.
One of his first objectives was to provide Panama with communication and penetration routes, for which it was necessary to build roads, highways and bridges.
He proposed the founding of agricultural colonies and the establishment of military detachments.
Chiarismo and its consequences 1924-1932
Chiari inherited a highly indebted nation as a result of the prevailing conditions in the country, such as the completion of the Canal works and the cost of modernization, for which it was necessary to contract loans in the United States.
In the 1924 elections, Rodolfo Chiari, the official candidate against General Manuel Quintero Villarreal, the hero of Coto, was elected.
Return to the traditional model 1932-1936
When Harmodio Arias assumed the presidency of the Republic in October 1932, the country was experiencing one of the worst economic crises in its history, as a result of the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange in 1929 and the subsequent world depression.
Other factors that further aggravated the situation had an impact, such as external dependency and the tertiary, transit and service economic model.
Harmodio Arias proposed to adopt energetic measures, even if they were unpopular, in order to alleviate the situation. Thus, shortly after he took office, Law 11, known as the Iron Law, was voted, by which the salaries of public employees were lowered by up to 25%.
Thanks to the wise economic measures adopted, as well as the savings of the government, Panama managed to overcome the serious financial crisis and Harmodio Arias left a million dollars in the National Treasury at the end of his term.
Panama on the eve, during and after the Second World War 1936-1948
Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal company
Panama during the second world war (1941-1945)
It is difficult to return to the constitutional order (1945-1948)
Such as: Militarism, oligarchy and national shame (1952-1956)
The fall of Arnulfo Arias and the irruption of the military to power (1968-1972)
The heyday of the military regime (1972-1982)
Crisis and fall of militarism (1982-1989)
Enthronement of police power 1948-1956
Domingo Díaz became president of the Republic on October 1, 1948, despite accusations of fraud and threats of invasion by the followers of Arnulfo Arias, who called him "the usurper."
In July 1949, amid persistent rumors of a coup, the President requested sick leave and retired from office. On August 23 he passed away. The Presidency was occupied by the first Vice President Daniel Chanis.
Chanis arrived with the intention of promoting national reconciliation and began by pardoning those implicated in the Easter plot.
In November, the press began to denounce the excesses of the National Police Commanders, especially Colonels José Antonio Remón Cantera, Bolívar Vallarino and Saturnino Flores.
Nationalism and radicalism 1956 - 1968
The death of Remón disrupted the political landscape of Panama. For more than a decade, Remón had installed and removed Presidents, had subjugated the Powers of the State, censored the press, and exercised absolute power over the entire country.
Torrijismo and militarism 1968-1981
Once Arnulfo Arias became president for the third time, on October 1, 1968, he dedicated himself to making changes within the National Guard.
On October 11, the officers of the National Guard carried out the first military coup against a civilian government in all of our republican history.
The movement was led by Major Boris Martínez and Lieutenant Colonel Omar Torrijos Herrera, as well as other officers including Federico Boyd, Amado Sanjur, and Ramiro Silvera.
Drug dictatorship and structural crisis 1981-1989
Upon Torrijos' death in July 1981, Colonel Florencio Flores succeeded him at the head of the National Guard, who showed no greater interest in directing the armed corps.
On March 3, 1982, he retired and was replaced by Rubén Darío Paredes, a right-wing military man who was suspicious of Royo's leftist leanings.
On July 31, 1982, De la Espriella, a technocrat graduated from the United States, assumed the presidency of Panama, while Jorge Illueca was in charge of the vice-presidency.
The 1980s were characterized by economic imbalance and slowdown. After the waste of the previous decade, Panama was doubly affected by the oil crisis, as the country was heavily in debt.
In August 1983 Paredes retired from the command and was replaced by Manuel Antonio Noriega.
But Noriega had very clear ideas regarding the role that he had to play, as well as the profile of the future President of Panama, and he did not coincide with that of Paredes.
Invasion of the United States to Panama 1989
The Bush administration decided to carry out the "Blue Spoon" plan, which included "taking care of Noriega" and eliminating the Defense Forces.
Shortly after midnight on December 20, 1989, a bloody invasion of Panama began, which was called “Operation Just Cause,” in which 26,000 soldiers ended up participating, using highly sophisticated weapons, techniques, and war equipment.
Challenges of the new democratic stage
According to official sources from the Southern Command, 23 US soldiers died in the clashes, although it is not yet known with certainty how many Panamanians, civilians and soldiers, lost their lives.
The attack as planned was concentrated in the main barracks in the cities of Panama and Colón, as well as in the airports.