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New Englishes :flag-gb: - Coggle Diagram
New Englishes :flag-gb:
language contact
:hand::skin-tone-2:
Language contact comes in a range of intensity :muscle::skin-tone-2:
•
light/superficial contact
when one culture is partially influenced by another. This often leads to lexical borriwings
•
intense contact
when a minority leaves in a majority territory. This can lead to changes in morphology and syntax or to the birth of pidgins and creoles
One of the main causes of variation in language is the fact that it starts to be spoken by people who have got different native languages :earth_asia:
Due to globalization, English is in contact with many other languages. As a matter of fact, linguists have observed the birth of
new englishes
, which share certain features with native or
standard
norm, although they develop characteristics on their own :wavy_dash:
Kachru model
:page_facing_up:
2. The 2nd Phase
:clock2:
The imported variety and the local one begins to be used more often, even thought it is still seen as inferior
3. The 3rd Phase
:clock3:
The local variety becomes recognized as the norm; it becomes socially acceptable and it is used as a model in education. As a consequence of this, speakers start taking pride in their variety
1. The Initial Phase
:clock1:
There's a 'non-recognition' of the local variety and english speakers are prejudiced against it and they see the native variety as inferior
The Problem of the Status of New Englishes
:male-doctor::skin-tone-2:
How should New Englishes be considered? However, they do come from English, therefore it would be wrong to assume they are independent from English, and on top of that these are all mutually intelligible :link:
Language Change
:chart_with_upwards_trend:
Is viewed as a sign of creativity and innovation in standard English, but in New Englishes it's considered to be a mistake as they are often seen as a mistake :red_cross:
This is , however,
wrong
as languages are constantly changing and it would be unnatural to stop that
•
Pidgins
Is a language created from the contact between two existing languages, it has got a simple grammar and a limited vocabulary and it is used for communication between people who do not share a common language and need to find a way to common understand each other, it cannot be a native language
•
Creoles
It's a possible development of a pidgin; a pidgin can become a creole when it is spoken by a new generation of speakers and develops a more well-built grammar and a larger vocabulary, otherwise a pidgin dies
•
plantation creoles
developed as a consequence of the mass-displacement of slaves into the New World plantation in the area. It happened above all in the Caribbean and Central America :male-farmer::skin-tone-5:
•
fort creoles
found in regions where English was the contact language used for communication with local communities who traded with, worked for or were colonized by English speakers. That mostly happened all along the West Coast of Africa :european_castle:
The main difference between these two types is that the plantation creole was also a
lingua franca
within the community itself and not just a contact language between slaves and colonizers
how did they develop?
:fast_forward:
II. Parallel Development Theory
Sometimes the influence of the substrate language is very heavy even the superstrate providing the grammatical structure, therefore they end up developing in a parallel way :railway_track:
I. The Baby-talk Theory
The speakers of the substrate language used to think that African languages were more "
primitive
" than theirs, so they simplified it even before introducing it to the submitted population :baby_bottle:
III. Universal Grammar Theory
The human brain already has a predisposition to understand the operation of languages; a universal grammar theory sees the development of a creole as the result of the humans' innate understanding of language universals :earth_africa: