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CHAPTER 2 Approaches to Tourism Planning, image - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 2
Approaches to Tourism Planning
2.1 The Basic Planning Process
Basic Planning Process
Study Preparation
The decision has been made by the government, in consultation with the private sector & general public through its institutional process, to develop tourism, or expand or improve its present development, in a planned manner.
Determination of Objectives
Objectives should be decided at the commencement of the study because they will influence the types of surveys & analyses and formulation of the policy, plan and recommendations.
Surveys
Involves collecting data, both quantitative and qualitative.
Analysis
An important type of synthesis is the identification of the major opportunities & problems or constraints for developing tourism in an area. These opportunities & constraints provide much of the foundation for determining future tourism development.
5 Policy and Plan Formulation
Normally lead by the government – can be encourage or discourage the development of tourism.
Recommendations
The completed plan is submitted to the authorities together with selection of recommendation concerning the optimum methods of developing tourism in the destination and achieving the plan’s objectives.
Implementation
The methods of implementing the development plan will be consider throughout most stages of its construction.
Monitoring & Reformation
Once the development plan is implemented, it must be monitor closely in order to defect any deviations, which may occur from the projected path of development.
Source: Inskeep (1991)
2.2 Approaches to Tourism Planning
Contemporary Planning Approaches & Techniques
Previously,
a lot of emphasis was placed of the end state Master Plan which was assumed to be sufficient.
But, it was found to be too
rigid, not taking account on changing lifestyle, technology
, etc. (not suitable to be implemented over long term period).
the general approach being applied:
Planning is continuos
Must be flexible yet still meet basic development objectives
Planning should be done incrementally
Elements of Basic Tourism Planning Approach
Continuous, incremental and flexible
System approach
Comprehensive approach
Integrated approach
Environmental and Sustainable Development approach
Community Approach
Implementable approach
Systematic planning approach
Tourism Planning Approaches
There are four (4) broad traditions of tourism planning identified by Getz (1987).
Economic, Industry-oriented Approach
Physical/spatial Approach
"Boosterism”
Community-oriented Approach
The four traditions are not mutually exclusive, nor are they necessarily sequential.
2.3 Tourism System
Tourism is viewed as a single system comprised of interrelated parts, which a combination of things of parts forming a complex role.
As a system, it can be defined, analyzed, planned and managed in an integrated manner
Tourism System
Mill and Morrison’s Model (1985)
A more commercially oriented system – who argued that the system consist of four parts;
Travel
Market
Destination
Marketing
Leiper’s Model (1979, 1990)
Based on Leiper’s model, at a geographical level, three (3)elements may be identified in the basic tourism system;
Transit region or route
Destination region
Generating region
Murphy, Hall and McArthur’s Model
Demand Factors
comprised of the motivations, perceptions, previous experiences and expectations of tourist
basic travel motivations (Hall, 2009);
Social
Spiritual
Cultural
Fantasy
Physiological
Supply Factors
Tourist attractions and activities
Accommodations
Other tourist facilities and services
Transportation facilities and services
Institutional elements
Other infrastructure
2.4 Tourism Destination Lifecycle
Destination Lifecycle (Butler, 1980)
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline
Rejuvenate
