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Individual Differences and Assessing Individual Differences, :check:…
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:check: VALUES
-Values are broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes and
values influence behavior and attitudes.
:check: SOURCE OF VALUES
- parents
-friends
- teachers
-role models
- external reference groups
:check: TYPES OF VALUES
- terminal values: preferences concerning the ends to be achieved
- instrumental values: preferences for the means to be used in achieving desired ends.
- gordon allport values= theoretical values
= economic values
= aesthetic values
= social values
= political values
= religious values
:check: VALUE CONGRUENCE
-Occurs when individuals express positive feelings upon encountering others who exhibit values similar to their own.
:check: PATTERNS AND TRENDS IN VALUES.
- duty
- honesty
- responsibility
- economic incentives
- organizational loyalty
- work-related identity
:check: ATTITUDES
-Attitudes are influenced by values and are acquired from the same sources as values and an attitude is a predisposition to respond in a positive or negative way to someone or something in one’s environment.
:<3:Components of attitudes.
- cognitive component
- affective component
- behavioral component
:<3:Attitudes and behavior
- attitudes and behavior are more specific
- there is freedom to carryout the behavioral intent
- the person has experience with the atitude
:check: Attitudes and cognitive consistency
- cognitive dissonance: Describes a state of inconsistency between an individual’s attitudes and his or her behavior.
- cognitive dissonance can be reduced by: changing the underlying attitude, changing future behavior, developing new ways of explaining
GENDER
- No consistent differences between men and women in: problem-solving, analytical skills, competitive drive, motivation, learning ability and socialbility
AGE
-Older workers: are often stereotyped as inflexible, have lower turnover, have lower avoidable absences
ABLE-BODIEDNESS
- Despite evidence of effective job performance, most disabled persons are unemployed.
Most disabled persons want to work.
RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUP
-African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans make up an ever-increasing percentage of the and the American workforce.
Potential for stereotypes and discrimination can adversely affect career opportunities.