Vascular cambium is the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in certain vascular plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards, towards the pith, and secondary phloem outwards, towards the bark.

are isodiametric cells about equal in all dimensions and they produce the vascular rays, which constitute the horizontal system of secondary tissues; this horizontal system acts in the translocation and storage of food and water.

are elongate cells that produce the conducting cells in both the secondary xylem and secondary phloem and the other cells in the axial system.

Ray & fusiform initials are organized in specific patterns. Ray initials are grouped together in short vertical rows and only one cell wide. Fusiform initials occur in regular horizontal rows

the fusiform initials and rays are not arranged in horizontal tiers on tangenti.

cell is one that is parallel to the surface of the plant body. A periclinal division is one that results in the formation of periclinal walls between daughter cells. Such a division results in an increase in girth of the organ

the main growth tissue in the stems and roots of many plants, specifically in dicots such as buttercups and oak trees, gymnosperms such as pine trees, as well as in certain vascular plants. It produces secondary xylem inwards, towards the pith, and secondary phloem outwards, towards the bark.

cambium present between the xylem and phloem of a vascular bundle

The portion of the vascular cambium that develops from parenchyma cells

All cells formed to the interio of the vascular cambium develop into the secondary xylem

Annual ring in wood, some are produced 2 in 1 year and some as late as 9 years

Wood that is formed in response to mechanical stress

a center of a log is always darker in color than the outer wood, and drier and more fragrant. The darker wood is heartwood and lighter, moister outer region is sapwood

type of phloem that forms from the vascular cambium during the secondary growth. The secondary growth is responsible for the growth in girth in plants, especially trees

Cork cambium differs greatly from vascular cambium in both structure and morphogenic activity. All of its cells are cuboidal, like ray initials. after each division the inner cell almost always remains cork cambium whereas the outer cell differentiates into a cork cell

The outter most dead layers of bark, from the surface to the innermost cork cambium.

non-living and has cell walls that are composed of a waxy substance that is highly impermeable to gases and water called suberin. The layer of dead cells formed by the cork cambium provides the internal cells of the plants with extra insulation and protection.

the corky outer layer of a plant stem formed in secondary thickening or as a response to injury or infection.

) A part of the periderm made up of cells produced inwardly by the cork cambium

The impermeability of cork has a negative as well as advantageous consequences. It keeps out pathogens and retains water it also blocks absorption of oxygen interfering with the respiration of sapwoods, vascular cambium and inner bark.

The first bark on young stems differs from bark formed when the stem is older, if the first cork cambium arises by reactivation of the epidermal cells the first outer bark contains only periderm and cuticle that is very smooth

Any form of secondary growth that does not conform to that typically occurring in gymnosperms and eudicots

In certain types of anomalous secondary growth, patches of secondary phloem may be located within the secondary xylem

Such as in palms, seedlings initially grow wider while remaining short, during this establishment growth the seedling establishes additional adventitious roots