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The Spread of English :hotsprings: - Coggle Diagram
The Spread of English :hotsprings:
English around the world
:globe_with_meridians:
English is spoken as a
first language
by 369,7 mln of people throughout the world, and
ESL
by 898,4 mln; linguist David Crystal calculated that non-native speakers in 2015
outnumbered
native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1 :explode:
A
standardized
global english
is spread by the media and the internet :spider_web:
There has been many attempts to study the spread of the English language by organizing them into various stages. :linked_paperclips:
The model of the two diasporas of the British Empire
:crown:
The
1st Diaspora
(17/18th century), happened when large waves of speakers moved from the British Isles to North America, Australia and New Zealand; speakers of many dialects ended up all together so English went through some linguistic changes originating new English varieties in each territory involved :ocean:
The
2nd Diaspora
happened when English started spreading as a second or additional language to new communities in exploration colonies and port settlements (West Africa, South Asia) and slave trade (Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Cameroon) :hammer_and_wrench:
This model, however, it's
not
completely
accurate
, it has little to do with how the English Language was introduced to each environment :red_cross:
The spread of English in the Caribbean is classified in the first diaspora alongside other countries which however developed two different varieties of English :confused:
This model is not chronologically accountable, the British influence in India started in the early 1600s, so way before the years considered in the model :flag-in:
The model of the four channels
:tv:
2. Slavery
:gun:
England needed workforce in the new colonies, this lead to misplaced African people from different language backgrounds in plantations in need of a
contact language
, which lead to the birth of pidgins and creoles :bird:
• It began in Hawaii
1. Settler Colonization
:flag-ca:
Large waves of English speakers moved from Europe to the newly colonized territories, where the colonizers outnumbered the natives often replacing the local language; this caused language death in many cases :skull_and_crossbones:
• Early 1600s in North America and in the Caribbean Island
• From 1788 Australia and New Zealand
3. Trade and Colonial Exploitation
:woman-rowing-boat::skin-tone-6:
When a country do not succeed in establishing full control over someone else's land and so decides to control it through marketing obtaining trading power. In this kind of situation English ends up being used as a
Lingua Franca
or as a
Jargon
, as English used to have enough vocabulary in order to complete business deals. :writing_hand::skin-tone-2:
• In Singapore the importance of English remained even after the end of the British Empire
• In some areas it stayed as
jargon
while in others as a
additional language
It takes into account 4 channels, rather than analysing just the time and the locations :railway_track:
4. Globalization
:earth_americas:
The strengthening of worldwide connections in society, culture, economy and politics saw the need of an international language and English took this role as a
lingua franca
:spider_web:
• eg. China
The first three channels are the result of
Mercantilism
and the expansion of the British Empire. This also lead to the birth of
new englishes
and to the current use of English as a
global
Lingua Franca
why english?
:!?:
•
Functional properties
A language does not become a global language for its structure, its grammar, its vocabulary or pronunciation or spelling, if it wee for these reasons, English would not have become as important, because it is not so easy to learn; English was at the right place at the right time :clock3:
•
Language external factors
By the mid-twentieth century most of England's colonies had become independent but
kept using English
.
• English is also the language of the
leading economic power
(US) :muscle::skin-tone-3: