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DFC20143 INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS, Loopback addresses (127…

- - - - if the decimal number >= positional value ( 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 ) value will be 1,
        if not it will be 0
- - - - IPv4 address is
        hierarchical
        
        composed of Network portion & Host portion
      - all devices on the same network have identical network portion
      - Subnet Mask help devices identify the network portion and host
        portion
    - - Three IPv4 addresses
        
        Unique IPv4 address of the host
        
        identifies the network/host portion of the IPv4 address (Subnet Mask)
        
        IP address of the local router interface (Default Gateway)
    - - Used to determine the
        Network Address
        
        1 AND 1 = 1
        0 AND 1 = 0
        0 AND 0 = 0
        1 AND 0 = 0
    - - shorthand method
        
        equals the number of bit in the subnet mask set to 1
        
        write in slash(/) notation, followed by number network bits
    - - First Host Address
        
        host portion is all
        0s and ends with a 1 (.0000000
      - Last Host Address
        
        host portion is all
        1s and ends with a 0 (.11111110
      - Network Address
        
        host portion is all
        0s (.00000000
      - Broadcast Address
        
        host portion is all
        1s (.11111111
  - - - Private Addresses
        
        not routable
        
        introduced in mid 1990s due to depletion of
        IPv4 addresses
        
        use in internal networks
        
        must translated to a public IPv4 to be routable
        
        Defined by RFC 1918
      - Private Address Blocks
        
        10.0.0.0 /8 or 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
        -172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0
        to
        172.31.255.255192.168.0.0 /16
        
        192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
    - - Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8)
        
        support extremely large
        networks with more than 16 million host
        addresses
        
        Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16)
        
        support the needs of moderate
        to large size networks up to approximately 65,000 host addresses
        
        Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24)
        
        support small networks with
        a maximum of 254 hosts
    - - wasted addresses
        and exhausted the availability of IPv4
        addresses
      - introduced in the
        1990s
      - Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR,
        pronounced “cider”)
        
        Allowed service providers to allocate
        IPv4 addresses on any address bit
        boundary (prefix length) instead of only
        by a class A, B, or C
    - - American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)- North America
        
        Réseaux IP Europeans (RIPE) - Europe, the Middle East, and Central Asia
        
        Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) - Asia and Pacific regions
        
        African Network Information Centre
        (AfriNIC) – Africa
        
        Regional Latin-American and Caribbean IP Address Registry (LACNIC) - Latin America and some Caribbean islands
  - - - some devices require a fix address
        
        Hosts in a small network
        can also be configure
    - - most networks use DHCP to assign IPv4 addresses dynamically
        
        DHCP server provides IPv4 address, subnet mask, default gateway & other configuration information
      - DHCP leases the addresses to hosts for a certain length of time
        
        If the host is powered down / taken off the network, the address is returned to the pool
        for reuse
    - - Unicast - one to one communication
        
        Use the address of the destination
        device as the destination address
      - Broadcast– one to all.
        
        Message sent to everyone
        in the LAN N (broadcast
        domain)
        
        destination IPv4 address has all ones (1s) in the host portion
      - Multicast– one to a select
        group
        
        224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
        addresses reserved for multicast
        
        routing protocols use multicast transmission to exchange routing information