How nanoparticles reduce their overall surface energy
Solid-state diffusion
At overall system level
Combining individual nanostructures
Reduce overall surface area
Agglomeration of individual nanostructures without altering the individual nanostructures
To form large structures
Surface atoms / Ions shift inwardly
Surface restructuring
Combining surface dangling bonds into strained new chemical bonds
Surface Adsorption
Chemical / Physical adsorption of terminal chemical species onto surface
Chemical bond
Weak Attraction Forces
Eletrostatic forces
Van der Waals forces
Composition segregation or impurity enrichment on the surface
Sintering
Ostwald ripening
Merging individual structures togrther
Large structures grow at the expense of smaller structure
Name: Soon Li Jie Matric No.: 142497