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Al-Ghazali's Multiplex Epistemology - Coggle Diagram
Al-Ghazali's Multiplex Epistemology
Levels of Knowledge
suspicion
presumption
groundless suspicion
certainty
Types of Certain Knowledge
Self-evident Truths (daruriyyat)
Sense-data (hissiyyat)
Primary Truths (awwaliyyat)
The levels of certainty in knowledge
Certainty by Witnessing
Certainty by Knowledge
can be reached through academic or rational education
Certainty by Experiencing
can be reached through self-purification (tazkityah)
Multiplex Ontology
Non-material World (malakut)
can be connected through Reason
Material World (mulk)
can be connected through Senses
Divine World (lahut)
can be connected through Divine Revelation
Multiplex Human Ontology
mind (dhihn)
body (jism)
soul (ruh)
Types of Knowledge
Reported (naqliyyat)
Rational (aqliyyat)
Spiritual (kashfiyyat)
Empirical (hissiyyat)
Classification of beings
things that exist independently of human being
external organs
internal organs
stars
animals
sky
Things not yet complete (human being)
Intellectual Perfection
Ta`lim (nazar method)
Theoretical education
PHILOSOPHY
THEOLOGY
LOGIC
LAW
the sources of knowledge
Reason
Divine Revelation
Moral Perfection
Tazkiyah (self-purification method)
Training Methods for Healthy Heart
Detached Involvement
Service (khidma)
Fellowship (sohba)
Love (muhabba)
God-consciousness (dhikr)
Seclusion
Minimalism - Contentment (Riydal al-nafs)
Inner struggle for perfect deeds (muhahada)
Practical Education
Purifying the Heart from spiritual illnesses
anger
arrogance
jealosy
Acquiring good spiritual qualities
courage
wisdom
generosity
The characteristics of morally trained people
achieving moderation of
The faculty of anger
courage
The faculty of desire
temperance
The faculty of Knowledge
Wisdom
The faculty of justice
justice
Self-development
Types of the nafs
The Critical self
the Content self
The Ruling Appetitive self
The Purpose of Education
To lead a human being into happiness
through control the appetitive self by the reason
To evaluate the person from taqlid to tahqiq
Kalam
from blind faith to grounded faith
Fiqh
from taqlid to ijtihad
Tazkiyah
from habitual action to deliberate action
Ta`lim
from blind acceptance to critical verification
Tasawwuf
from form (surah) to truth (haqiqah) of faith, deed, and morality