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Republic of Turkey, Turkey actually declared war on the Axis in February,…
Republic of Turkey
Atatürk (1880-1938) 
Early career
Born in Thessaloniki, he joined the Young Turks in 1902 and became a war hero in Gallipoli (1915-1916).
He then led the Turkish War of Independence (1919-1923) against Greece, finally forming the Republic of Turkey as its first president.
As an army officer, he, alongside other figures unhappy with Western occupation of Anatolia, sent the Amasya Circular (1919) to proeminent Turkish figures, claiming that the country was in danger and that a secret meeting must be held in Sivas (Sivas Conference).
The start of the Greek occupation of Smyrna in May 19, 1919, a Greek majority region in Anatolia, marks the beginning of the Greek war of independence, as it made clear Greek intentions to form Greater Greece and galvanised the Turks.
In 1920, the Allies formaly occupied Constantinople to prevent the Parliament from organizing against them, and in April the Treaty of Sèvres was finalized, imposing large Allied influence over Anatolia and giving Smyrna to Greece.
President of Turkey
Atatürk sought to westernize turkey, adopting the Gregorian calendar and the latin alphabet.
He also abolished the sultanate, caliphate and created a secular state.
However, he only allowed his party to exist, and it remained that way until 1946.
Mustafa sought to reduce Arab influence on Turkic culture, banning Arab literature from schools and prohiting Muslim clothing outside of mosquees.
Between 1930 and 1934, women in Turkey fought for and achieved their right to vote.
WWII and Cold War
Taking sides
Using the USSR and the Greek civil-war (1946-1949) as leverage, Turkey managed to get economical aid from the US.
To become a member of NATO in 1951, Turkey was one of the first nations to send troops to the Korean war (1950-1953)
In 1954, it signed a mutual defense pact with Yugoslavia and Greece. It signed another with the British Commonwealth.
In 1946, Stalin started to pressure Turkey over the Turkish straits, leading to the Allies being called to settle the issue.
Turkey recognized Israel in 1949, worsening its relations with Arab countries.
Cyprus crisis (1974)
Cyprus was taken by the Ottomans in 1571, then by the British in 1878, being annexed in 1914, gaining independence in 1960.
After independence, the Greek population wanted to join Greece, while the Turkish wanted to divide the island. Britain then created a shared government.
Conflict broke out between the population, and a Greek coup in 1974 led Turkey to intervene.
The interim Greek government was replaced and Turkey occupied 40% of the island, which is now Northern Cyprus, not recognized by the international community.
World War II
After the death of Atatürk, İsmet İnönü (1884-1973) became president until 1950.
Although it tended to favor the Allies, Turkey remained neutral, even though it traded with the Axis until 1944.
Turkey didn't fight, bu its army was on high alert, which hurt the economy after the war, without qualifying for the Marshall plan.
Turkey wanted stability for the new republic and to industrialize, didn't want to expand, it's army was weak and outdated, and it could profit from trade with both sides.
Present day
Present day
Erdogan (2014-present)
Having served as PM from 2003 to 2014, Erdogan is the current president of Turkey.
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Turkey actually declared war on the Axis in February, 1945, as it was invited to be a founding member of the UN, but no troops ever saw combat.
In 1946, a split within the CHP led to the creation of the Turkish Democratic Party, which was equally western-inclined
Throughout the Cold War, Turkey suffered had 3 coups (1960, 1971, 1980), some constitutional, some not.
The "Green line" is the buffer zone between the two Cyprus and is maintaned by the UN.
The Republicans did not enjoy full popular support at first, as the Ottoman empire still existed and the Allied powers had no idea what to do with it.