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Managing and controlling pain - Coggle Diagram
Managing and controlling pain
Medical Techniques
Surgical treatment is used when medication doesn't relieve pain
Analgesics, pain killers, opiates, morphine, etc are biochemical methods
They close gates in the brain preventing pain signals from getting to the brain
They have many side effects
Anti-inflammatory painkillers and paracetamol work best for pain associated with headaches or inflammation
Aspirin and Ibuprofen treat pain
Against pain
Against inflammation
Against fever
Has side effects like bleeding, gastric irritation and deafness
Massages can also be used to treat patients
Psychological Techniques
Attention diversion
Patients can be engaged in more interesting activities to divert their attention so they experience less pain according to the gate control theory
Non-pain imagery can also be used to help patients visualise doing an interesting activity
Morley, Shapiro and Biggs
Strategies
Pain coping strategies
Attention diversion
Use of imagery and mindfulness
Pain transformation images
Results
Pain intensity reduced significantly during the 3 month follow-up and at 6 month follow-up
Cognitive Redefinition
The patient replaces thoughts of apprehension about the pain with more positive thoughts
For example the patient replaces the thought of 'this is really going to hurt' with 'this is not the worst pain in the world'
Patients are also taught to feel the pain sensation as another sensation such as warmth
Psychological Techniques
Acupuncture
Acupuncture can be used to increase the release of endorphins from the endocrine system and increasing the flow of Qi (a life force)
Acupuncturists believe that when Qi can't flow properly, it results in sickness and pain
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
The electrical stimulation in muscles causes the increased release of endorphins/opiates from these areas
Small device that had lead connected to electrode pads to send impulses to areas of the body where a person is experiencing pain