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Instructional Design Background and History, 2010s, 2015 and beyond,…
Instructional Design Background and History
1940s
the instructions was applied onto the military
those were eras when the world focuses more on land exploitation, ownership (WWII)
doer: psycologists, education specialists
the idea is that when land invasion occured every big world power such as GB, German and France started to recruit more and more civillians into the military which symbolises greater power
THE MORE THE ARMY, THE MORE POWERFUL YOU ARE
everyone (army) has to be tuned as one (like a machine), that's when ID comes in handy
1950s
B. F. Skinner introduced The Science of Learning and The Art of Teaching (1954)
some of the comments were:
material has to be thoroughly (one by one, step by step)
learners/trainee can ask questions (PdP - Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran)
the feedback from the inquiries are immediate, ask now answer now (realtime)
everyone can be at their own pace, no pressure no rushing (optimum learning condition)
operant conditioning
: specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behaviour
ie. circus animals
if the animals do good stunts and listen to the circus trainer, they'll be rewarded with food for the day. but if it's the other way round, they'll be deprived with food and get abused as punishment
Cognitive (Knowledge)
Affective (Attitude)
Psycomotor (Skills)
The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives = The Bloom's Taxonomy
Benjamin Bloom introduced The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (1956)
1960s
Robert Gagne described the three objectives Bloom made into five learning outcomes
Verbal Information
Intellectual Skills
Cognitive Strategy
Attitude
Motor Skills
Gagne also came up with the nine events from The Condition of Learning
Gaining attention
Informing the learner of the objective
Recalling of knowledge sedia ada
Information presentation
Providing guidance
Eliciting performance
Providing feedback
Assessing performance
Enhancing retention and transfer
Gagne's work is the mastermind of instructional design
1970s
Models based on system information processing arose (computer)
rulers and authorities such as academia, military and organisations started to use it
filmstrips also been used in this era
1980s
David Merrill (1983) came up with Component Display Theory, nanti refer balik dekat link
https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/component-display/
Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operation (PLATO) which is the first computer-based instruction mechanism/system was used
this era witnessed the rise of cognitivism
cognitivism: the psychology of learning which emphasizes human cognition or intelligence as a special endowment enabling man to form hypotheses and develop intellectually
1990s
this was then they stop to be working as machines and human real-world thinking is coming to their senses
constructivist emphasised that leaning has to be authentic, the experience could be felt
form and construct their own knowledge
performance improvement and performance support dapat sambutan
rapid prototyping was introduced
rapid prototyping: “involves the development of a working model of an instructional product that is used early in a project to assist in the analysis, design, development, and evaluation of an instructional innovation” (Jones & Richey, 2000, p. 63)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj_qtW3n93vAhUmwzgGHb9lBw4QFjAIegQIDhAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.eric.ed.gov%2Ffulltext%2FED504673.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1kVGdaBzf-s_MK4dTkxKJe
ramai orang pakai Computer Based Training from CD-Rom and terus jadi common platform
2000s
internet is here so they can do everything, eLearning started to became a thing when even corporate sectors started to use it for trainings
the data is very big, sam goes to the bandwidth
real simulations, informative and beautiful video are at everyone's fingertips
ID expands even better when there are gadgets such as smart phones, tablets and reading pad
supported by the internet
that's when the growth never stops
blended learning was introduced
we can now do it online so why do we even need to see each other???
save cost, save time, save everything
F2F + eLearning
Big Data and IR4.0
not only about "what you have learned", but it is now moving towards "what do you feel about it/what are your thoughts on that?"
Learner Experience (LX) Design created this environment where:
it doesn't matter how you do it now, what matters the most is the goal is achieved
don't memorise the ilmu, but understand the ilmu
human centered + goal oriented
Learning Management Systems (LMS) was the top tier one-stop-centre for online learning in instructional design back then
2010s
2015 and beyond
MUHAMMAD HAZIM BIN ROSMAN (2020479902)