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Protein synthesis & division of labour - Coggle Diagram
Protein synthesis & division of labour
1) Inside the nucleus
genes that code for instruction for a protein are transcribed into mRNA (messenger RNA) in the nucleus
2) in the cytoplasm
copies of mRNA are translated (pass out) of the nuclear pores in the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm where ribosomes exist
3) at the ribosome
ribosome exist in 2 locations within the cell
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
ribosomes bound to the RER are mainly synthesising proteins that will be exported outside the cell (extra cellular proteins)
ribosomes read instructions from the mRNA module to assemble a protein molecule
ribosomes floating free in the cytoplasm primarily synthesise proteins that will be used inside the cell (intracellular proteins)
ribosomes are small organisms made in the nucleolus which pass through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm.
protein synthesis (translation) mRNA --> amino acids
ribosomes read instruction from the mRNA module to assemble a protein molecule
4) once proteins are inside the RER
once inside the RER, proteins are folded & may undergo some initial modification
they are then transported along the cisternae from 1 area to another (intracellular transport system)
vesicles (membrane bound sacs that carry substances around cells) with the protein inside pinch off from the RER
division of labour
proteins;
division of labour shows how the organelles within a cell work together to form an essential cellular function
e.g. the nucleus, ribosomes, RER, vesicles & Golgi apparatus work together to synthesise & release proteins
lipids;
vesicle pinches off from the SER & fuses with the Golgi apparatus
lipids are modified in the Golgi apparatus (e.g. addition of carbohydrates to form glycolipid) & packaged into another vesicle which fuses with the cell membrane during exocytosis
division of labour shows how the organelles work together to form an essential cellular function
e.g. the nucleus, SER, vesicles & Golgi apparatus work together to synthesise & release lipids
all organelles are involved in the division of labour within a cell, each organelle performs some kind of vital function needed for the survival of the cell as a whole
5) transportation to & at the Golgi apparatus
the Golgi apparatus consists of cisternae - a stack of membrane bound flattened sacs
the vesicle fuses with the Golgi apparatus, where the protein enters & may be modified
modification may include;
adding lipid molecules to make lipoproteins
being folded into their 3D shape
adding sugar molecules to make glycoproteins
the Golgi apparatus then packages the modified proteins into vesicles which are pinched off
6) exocytosis
the vesicle containing the modified protein fuses with the cell membrane & the protein is released outside the cell - this is called exocytosis
