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unit 1 - Biochemistry - Coggle Diagram
unit 1 - Biochemistry
Lesson 7: Transportation
Endomembrane system
This consist of a series of cellular structures that are connected to each other and include structures
These organelles of this system all participate in the synthesis, modification and transportation of proteins and lipids.
PHOSPHOLIPIDs
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Phospholipids are modified so that a phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails".
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Cell membrane
Cell membranes exist as two layers of phospholipids.; each phospholipid has a hydrophilic, water-soluble end and a hydrophobic, non-water-soluble end.
One of the water-soluble end faces the outer environment and the other water-soluble end faces the cytoplasm.
Glycoproteins and other proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer; they impart a unique identity to the cell.
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Function of membranes
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Selectively permeable – allow some molecules in, others are kept out
Passive Transport
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Equilibrium a condition in which acting influences are balanced, resulting in a stable environment.
Solution Types
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Hypotonic solutions is a solution where the concentration outside the cell is lower than the concentration of the solution found inside the cell.
Hypertonic solution is a solution in which the concentration of the solution found outside the cell has a higher than the concentration of the solution found inside the cell.
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Lesson 1 water
Water as a Solvent
One of the unique properties of water is the ability to act as a solvent. This property is due to the polarity of the water molecule.
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Water would only dissolve polar substances, due to the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions. Polar molecules and ions are attracted to water molecules are referred to as hydrophilic. Non-polar molecules are not attracted to water and are referred to as hydrophobic
Hydrogen Bonding
Hydrogen bonding is one of the strongest types of intermolecular forces that can hold molecules together in a particular arrangement.
a fluorine atom, an oxygen atom or a nitrogen atom.
Water can form intermolecular bonds with other polar molecules. The ability to form these interactions allow water to act as a solvent.
Surface Tension
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Since the water molecules are incapable of forming hydrogen bonds with air molecules and in turn creates an imbalance.
The water molecules on the surface creates a tension and makes the molecules at the surface more resistant to separation.
Thermal Energy
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This can allow living organisms to help maintain a constant body temperature due to the high specific heat capacity. In addition, this allows water to act as a cooling agent especially in the form of sweat which dissipates heat.
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lesson 2 acids, bases, buffers
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bases
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Bases increase the concentration of the hydroxide ions in a solution and in turn results in an increase in ph.
Like acids, bases can be classified as either strong or weak depending on the strength of ionization.
buffers
a mixture of a conjugate acid-base pair that maintains a nearly constant pH when diluted or strong acid/base is added.
A buffer resists pH changes by reacting with H3O+ ions or OH- ions when they are added to the buffer solution.
Neutralization
A neutralization reaction is one in which where the hydronium ions (h3o+) reacts with hydroxide ions (oh-) to form water molecules.
During the reaction between an acid and a base, in addition to the formation of water a salt is also formed.
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Lesson 4 - Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Both DNA and RNA have a combination of 4 different nucleotides and that each nucleotide is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and one of four nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) bases.
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