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Obstructive Urolithiasis: Ruminant Urinary Disease - Coggle Diagram
Obstructive Urolithiasis: Ruminant Urinary Disease
general info
common disease of male ruminants
occurs more frequently in castrated animals
etiology
calculi development
struvite
phsophatic
silica
native range grass in western usa
calcium carbonate
high Ca diet
calcium oxalate
sugar beet tops
high grain diet with low calcium: phosphorus ratio
feedlt animal
mineral composition of diet + concentrated urine + other risk factors
predisposing factors
alkaline urine
inadequate water consumption
early castration (decreases urethral diamater)
UTI
increases pH
cellular debris form a nidus
presentation
scenarios
obstruction
acute
anxiety
colic
tachycardia
vocalization
dysuria/straguria
+/- secondary rectal rpolapse
urethral pulsation (pain/spasm)
crystals or blood on prepuce hair
aruia
dribblling with partial obstruction
bladder rupture
stranguria relief
progressive abdominal distention
uroperitoneum
urethral rupture
sq urine poolng in steers
ventral/preputial edema
if chornic, skin and sq slough
gradual onset of uremia
azotemia
e- derangement
weakness
shock
hypothermia
death
common site of obstruction
sigmoid flexure :cow::sheep::goat:
uethral process :sheep::goat:
diagnosis
urinary tract examination and palpation
US
ID distended bladder
sq fluid
uroperitneum
rads
chem
azotemia
low Na, Cl
high K
abdominocentesis
can confirm uroperitoneum
greater than >2:1 fluid:serum Cr ratio
treatment
first priorities
pain management
as described for exam
analgesia
butorphenol
epidural
sedation/relazation
diazepam
midazolam
acepromazine
metabolic and hemodynamic stabilization (fluids)
correct e- derangements,, esp for anesthesia
IV isotonic NaCL
if hyperkalemia
dextrose
bicarbonate
prevent rupture with cystocentesis
surgery
urethral process amputation
small ruminants only :sheep::goat:
quick way to resolve obstruction at this site
can expect animal to reobstruct
perineal urethrostomy
allows salvage for slaughter
when finances don't permit cystotomy
create opening in the perineal area
within 8 mos
recurrence rate 45%
78% develop stricture
1y survival rate of 17%
tube cystotomy
foley catheter placed through body wall
addt'l stones can be flushed out
urine exits via tube
preserves urethra
left in for 7d
allows for the urethra to relax and other stones to pass
reduction of pain also helps with this
best option for pets and breeding males
abx while tube is placed + few days after removal
if surgery isn't an option
acidification
distilled water + sodium acetatre
injected into bladder
expect chemical cystitis
cystocentesis
need outlet of urine
if uremic, slaughter is not an option
prevention
surgery alone is not curative
ration and urolith analysis
decrease calculogenic minerals in diet
imrpove low Ca:P ratio to 2:1
reduce dietary Ca (alfalfa)
supplement with ammonium chloride (acidificaiton)
DCAD manipulation
encourage water consumption
increase salt content in ration
keep water troughs and buckets clean
shady summers, warm winters
multiple water site