Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Animal Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - cardiac cycle
        
        systole
        
        ventricular contraction
        
        diastole
        
        relaxation
      - sinoatrial(SA) node
        
        "pacemaker" sets rate/timing for cardiac muscle to contract
      - valves
        
        types
        
        semilunar
        
        atrioventricular
        
        facilitate unidirectional flow
      - cardiac output + vasodilation change to meet O2 needs
        
        heart rate
        
        contraction strength
    - - arteries/arterioles
        
        away from heart
        
        high pressure
        
        elastic: thick connective tissue + smooth muscle
      - veins/venules
        
        towards heart
        
        low pressure
        
        valves prevent backflow, thinner connective tissue + smooth muscle
      - capillaries
        
        pre-capillary sphincters direct blood flow to where it's needed
        
        leak fluids
        
        returned to blood via lymphatic system
    - - plasma
        
        liquid matrix
      - red blood cells
        
        erythrocytes
        
        carry O2 + CO2 w/ heme group on hemoglobin protein
      - white blood cells
        
        leucocytes
      - platelets
        
        blood clotting
        
        "platelet plug"
        
        reinforced by fibrin < fibrinogen < thrombin (enzymatic cascade)
        
        fragments of cells
      - come from bone marrow stem cells
      - EPO
  - - - open
        
        lower pressure = less energy expenditure
      - closed
        
        higher pressure = more efficient delivery
    - - fish
      - blood pumped through capillary beds in gills and body
      - low pressure, slow flow
    - - mammals + birds
      - pumps blood thru separate pulmonary + systemic circuits
      - higher pressure, flow rates
      - 4-chambered heart
    - - 3-chambered heart
        
        2 atriums + 1 ventricle
      - amphibians
      - less efficient
  - - - fatty deposit (plaque) buildup
        
        cholesterol, lipid, LDL
      - treated w/ surgery + stent
    - - valve disorders
  - - - counter-current exchange
    - - trachea system
- - - - secretions start digestion process
    - - muscle that keeps food out of trachea
    - - relaxes to let food through to esophagus
    - - stores food+begins digestion
        
        chyme (liquid in stomach)
        
        food
        
        hydrochloric acid
        
        pepsin
        
        chief digestive enzyme
    - - 1st part of small intestine, immediately following stomach, secretions added to continue digestion
        
        liver
        
        bile: fat emulsification
        
        gallbladder
        
        bile storage
        
        pancreas
        
        enzymes
        
        pH neutralizers
        trypsin
        chymotrypsin
        lipase
        nuclease
        amylase
        
        breakdown of heme = bilirubin
        
        color of feces
    - - nutrient absorption
      - villi + microvilli increase surface area
      - Celiac disease
        
        gluten causes autoimmune response to damage microvilli
    - - capillaries + veins leaving small intestine converge on this vein going to the liver, carries nutrient-rich blood for filtration + distribution
    - - water absorption
  - - - cecum
        
        ferments plant materials
      - ruminants
        
        multi-chambered stomach for digesting/fermenting roughage
      - gizzard (birds)
        
        part of stomach w/ stones to help digest
  - - - blood glucose
        
        rises after eating
        
        pancreas secretes insulin
        
        glucose stored as glycogen in liver
        glucose transported into body cells
        
        blood glucose levels drop
        
        falls after fasting
        
        pancreas secretes glucagon
        
        glycogen broken down
        glucose released into blood
        
        blood glucose levels rise
    - - Diabetes mellitus
        
        Type I
        
        insulin deficiency
        
        Type II
        
        insulin receptor resistance
        
        major complications
        
        kidneys overwhelmed by glucose filtration
        
        ketosis
        
        rates increasing
        
        type II tied to lifestyle choices
    - - leptin
        
        satiety hormone
        
        secreted by fat cells
      - ghrelin
        
        appetite stimulator
        
        released by stomach when empty
  - - - hydrolysis: breaking down polymers
- - - - evolved convergently
  - - - cover outside of body and organs, skin, intestine, capillaries
        
        cell type named for appearnce
        
        stratified
        pseudostratified
        simple
        
        squamous
        columnar
        cuboidal
    - - skeletal
        
        several nuclei per cell
      - smooth
        
        small striations, few nuclei
      - cardiac
        
        large nuclei
    - - neurons
      - glia
      - coordinates with endocrine system (hormones = chemical signals)
    - - binds + supports other tissues, under skin, connects bones
        
        fibroblats
        
        differentiate into specialized cells + tissues
        
        secrete proteins to form extracellular matrix
      - bone
        
        osteoblast
      - adipose tissue
        
        adipose cell
      - blood
      - loose connective tissue
      - fibrous connective tissue
        
        fibroblast
      - cartilage
        
        chondrocyte
  - - - sensor
      - response
      - negative feedback
      - set point
        
        can be changed by endocrine signals
    - - thermoregulation: body temperature
        
        cooling
        
        respiration
        
        sweating
        
        vasodilation
        
        warming
        
        vasoconstriction
        
        shivering
        
        increase metabolic rate
      - blood pH
      - glucose concentration
- - - - fats & carbs
    - - sugars
        fatty acids
        amino acids
        nucleotides
        
        polysaccharides
        fats/lipids/membranes
        proteins
        nucleic acids
    - - required for survival
      - cannot be synthesized entirely
      - vitamins & minerals, fatty acids, amino acids
  - - - sources: dairy products, egg yolk
      - deficiency: osteoporosis in adults, rickets in children
        
        common during Industrial Revolution bc sun was blocked by pollution
      - aids calcium absorption
    - - deficiency: osteoporosis
      - sources: milk, yogurt, fish, green leafy vegetables, legumes
    - - sources: green veggies, oranges, nuts, legumes, whole grains
      - deficiency: birth defects
    - - sources: seafood, iodized salt, dairy products
      - deficiency: goiter
    - - essential nutrients added to common foods