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Bone Health, Blood cotting, Non Bone Health Roles, Bone Health Roles,…

- - - - hormone action ( endogenous source)
        
        for example
        
        sun exposure to skin
      - vitamin action (exogenous source)
        
        for example
        
        pro-active vitamin D must be hydroxylated in the liver and then the kidneys to become active, then transported to cells for use
        
        the name of active vitamin D is
        
        calcitriol
      - plant foods
        
        for example
        
        fortified plant-based milks (soy, rice)
      - animal foods
        
        for example
        
        liver
        
        fatty fish and fish oils
        
        egg yolks
        
        canned fish with bones (salmon, sardines)
      - supplement
        
        is advised to adults over age 50
        
        take 400IU of vitamin D daily
        
        such as
        
        fish oil
  - - - which results in
        
        improper mineralization and shaping of bones
      - occurs in
        
        children
      - happens because of
        
        breast milk with low vitamin D
        
        low dietary intakes combined with little
        exposure to sun
    - - occurs in
        
        adults
      - happens because of
        
        kidney, liver, intestinal diseases
        
        low intakes of vitamin D and/or little exposure of skin to sun
        
        closely spaced, repeated pregnancies
      - can be treated by
        
        increased dietary intake and/or controlled exposure of skin to sun
  - - - regulation of blood calcium & bone mineralization
        
        calcitriol raises blood calcium levels by acting at
        
        intestines
        
        to increase
        
        calcium absorption
        
        bone
        
        to activate
        
        osteoclast cells to release calcium from bone into blood
        
        kidneys
        
        to decrease
        
        calcium excretion
      - immune function
        
        which is
        
        maturity of immune cells
  - - - supplement use
    - - hypercalcemia
        
        causes
        
        high blood calcium levels
        
        calcium deposits into soft tissue
        
        for example
        
        kidneys
        
        heart
        
        arteries
        
        irreversible damage to organs
- - - - found in
        
        bone and teeth (99% of Ca)
        
        bloodstream and soft tissues (1% of Ca)
  - - - nerve transmission/muscle contraction
        
        happens because
        
        action potential opens Ca ion channel, which allows Ca flow into muscle cells
    - - bone formation & maintenance
        
        through
        
        hydroxyapatite clusters around the PRO matrix of bone to provide strength
    - - blood clotting
        
        happens because
        
        thromboplastin alone with calcium may be mixed with purified prothrombin to obtain thrombin
    - - hypertension
        
        happens because of
        
        low (inadequate) intake of Ca (if Ca intake is greater than or equal to 1000mg/ day, the possibility of having hypertension will decrease)
  - - - Osteoporosis
        
        is
        
        a naturally occurring degenerative bone disease characterized by decreased bone
        density, increased bone fragility, and increased risk of fracture
        
        is affected by
        
        age/gender/hormones
        
        for example
        
        bones are strongest and most dense in young adulthood
        
        sex hormones protective of bone
        (Females: rapid decline in estrogen at menopause
        Males: gradual decline in testosterone)
        
        genetics/race
        
        for example
        
        heredity plays a role in bone growth, peak bone mass, and rate of bone loss (BMD:African Americans > Caucasians)
        
        physical activity
        
        for example
        
        weight-bearing & resistance exercise benefits bone
        
        body weight
        
        for example
        
        under-weight women at increased risk for developing osteoporosis
        
        smoking & alcohol
        
        for example
        
        both toxic to bone
        
        Calcium nutrition & associated nutrients
        
        for example
        
        low intake of Calcium
        
        low intake of Fluoride
        
        decrease of circulating active Vitamin D
  - - - hyperparathyroidism
        
        which is a condition of
        
        over-abundant production and secretion of parathyroid
        hormone causes kidneys to conserve calcium in blood and bone to release calcium into blood
    - - hypercalcemia
        
        causes
        
        irreversible damage to organs
        
        high blood (and urinary) calcium levels
        
        calcium deposits into soft tissue
        
        for example
        
        kidneys
        
        heart
        
        arteries
  - - - food
        
        plant foods
        
        for example
        
        fortified plant-based milks (soy, rice)
        
        tofu (made with calcium salt)
        
        dark green vegetables
        
        such as
        
        spinach
        
        1 more item...
        
        cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale
        
        1 more item...
        
        animal foods
        
        for example
        
        milk & dairy products
        
        canned fish with bones (salmon, sardines)
        
        soup stock made from fish or meat bones
      - supplement
        
        should not exceed
        
        500mg Ca/dose
- - - - includes
        
        Blood Clotting
        
        important for
        
        infants without bacterial synthesis
        
        Calcium Mineralization of bone
        
        needed for osteoblasts
        
        produce osteocalcin
        
        to bind
  - - - because
        
        A sterile gut - no vitamin K synthesis
      - rare in
        
        Adults, usually due to antibiotic
  - - - because
        
        wide safety intake range
        
        non-toxic substance
      - causes symptoms
        
        RBC hemolysis, jaundice, brain damage
  - - - are
        
        in many food
        
        includes
        
        liver, eggs, cow milk
        
        leafy green vegetables: broccoli, spinach, kale, Swiss
        chard, Brussels sprouts, asparagus, collards
        
        resistant to losses during cooking
    - - bacterial synthesis in large intestine
- - - - supports
        
        Bone and Teeth Mineralization
        
        replaces
        
        a hydroxyl group in hydroxyapatite crystal creating a stronger crystal,
        
        produces
        
        Fluorapatite
        
        1 more item...
        
        best taken before
        
        teeth erupt
  - - - which
        
        Increases risk of dental caries
  - - - in teeth
        
        white specks or brown streaks appear
        
        leads to
        
        more resistant on decay, permanently discolored
      - in skeleton
        
        causes abnormal hardening of the skeleton, stiffness and pain in joints, makes bones more brittle
      - caused by
        
        ingesting large amounts of toothpaste
  - - - from animal
        
        Seafood: fish, shellfish, seedweed
      - from plant
        
        Tea
- - - - makes up
        
        1% of total body weight
      - 85% is found in hydroxyapatite crystals of bone and teeth
        
        15% is in blood and tissues
        
        Functions in cells as
        
        Providing very high energy bonds (ATP)
        
        Phospholipids in cell membranes
        
        Lipoproteins
        
        to transport
        
        Fat-soluble nutrients
        
        1 more item...
        
        Is apart of
        
        Many enzyme reactions
        
        as it
        
        Activates B vitamins
        
        1 more item...
        
        DNA & RNA
        
        which are
        
        Essential for gorwth
    - - depends on
        
        body needs
        
        Vitamin D enhances absorption
      - Food sources
        
        includes
        
        Legumes, cereal, bran, nuts
        
        Animal protein foods
        
        such as
        
        fish
        
        poultry
        
        meat
        
        Soft drinks
        
        Milk and milk products
    - - Provides
        
        Bone Strength
        
        Bone rigidity
    - - as it is a
        
        anionic electrolyte
        
        also maintains
        
        Electrical balance
  - - - which may result in malfunctioning of
        
        skeletal
        
        hematological
        
        Neuromuscular
        
        renal
    - - no need to take supplements
  - - - Adverse effects result when
        
        High intake is coupled with low calcium intake
        
        in teens can result in
        
        Compromising peak density
        
        has an
        
        Upper limit: 4000 mg/day
  - - - examples
        
        2 servings oft toasted sunflower seeds
        
        3 servings of high fibre cereal
        
        3 servings of cheddar cheese
- - - - calcium balance, and needed for absorption of Vitamin D, and the production of Parathyroid Hormone
      - bone acts as a reservoir of Mg
      - Help hold Calcium in teeth in order to reduce dental caries
      - used in mineral crystal structure of bone
        
        can replace calcium in hydroxyapatite
    - - Phosphate groups in ATP
      - Many enzymes systems need Mg
        
        protein, fat and nucleic acid (DNA) synthesis
      - Mg is important for neurone transmission and muscle contraction
        
        inhibits Ca2+ channel
        
        Stop muscles contraction
        
        neurotransmitter activity
      - Hypertension
        
        Mg prevents the high blood pressure
        
        vasodilator
        
        Decrease the rate of heart disease (espacially the people who live in the hard water region)
  - - - But if Mg is deficiency, it will recover slowly
    - - Hypertension
      - tetany at very low level
      - abnormal heart beat
      - Weakness, irritability
    - - Heavy perspiration
      - Vomiting, Diarrhea, Diuretic use
      - renal disease, drink too much alchol
  - - - Milk, Yogurt
      - halibut
    - - Vegetables have green leaves
      - Legumes, beans, tofu
      - Whole Grains
      - Nuts, seeds