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Plant Physiology presentation, Slides timeline, CO2 Experiment, Testing…
Plant Physiology presentation
topic: Grafting in fruit
grafting of fruit trees
Physiology
Pomology
the study of fruit and its cultivation ( a branch of Botany)
focused on the development, enhancement, cultivation and physiological studies of fruit trees.
goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of production periods, and reduction of production cost
important part of the are is to create new fruit varieties, and grafting techniques come in afterwards in order to commercialise and mass produce them (
reference
)
:silhouette: "within pomology (study of fruit and its cultivation) grafting can be an important part of the commercial side where ensuring the fruit produced maintains the qualities and standard..."
grafting is one of my cultivation techniques used in fruit production but in particular is used to ensure the uniform quality and characteristics of the fruit grown for the mass market. Important in selling varieties.
list some numbers of varieties of popular fruit
history
https://thegardenstrust.blog/2020/05/16/hard-graft-and-devastation/
Keywords
Compatibility/ incompatibly
some reasons why incompatible
disease/viruse?
wrong material (age?)
genetic markers could be used to identify incompatibility early , reduce costs and loses later on.
Union formation
molecular mechanisms underlying graft success
Graft union proteins involved?
:question: Vascular differentiation?
:question: Transcriptional regulation of grafting?
:question: Post-transcriptional regulation of grafting
:question: translocated incompatibility
mechanical weakening of the union, which may manifest during the first year after grafting
l
ocalized incompatibility
which is mechanical weakening of the union, that may appear several years later
in-vitro
hormones
:!?:: cytokinins?
requirements
should last 15 min
Brief overview
recent peer-reviewed papers
talk about 4 papers
2?paper on currently cultivated plant current technique
how are comparisons made moving from troditnal straight forward grafting to studies into better practices, how much can these be trusted,
how is the technique being improved through lab studies
1 papers on new techniques
think about what they suggest the benefits are, do they make comparisons, any limitations
Vitro
? paper on innovation to cultivate native/wild/non comercial fruits
Baobab?
what are the main innovation and how is it benifits from previous studies are their limits on how well it works and will it be available to all?
could compair modern techniquies and how they are being improved to new techniques and how well they could do.
Pecan 2017 study looked at the proteins involved while the pear paper looked at the main anatomy involved while the malus study looked at the hormones specifically but this became a wide range observed. The level of knowledge needed to understand results, make it difficult to compare or understand the benefits of the study in comparison to the others and in terms of application to horticulture other then a reference for future studies. Therefore the malus paper is a good example of how much could be studies and need to create a narrow range to study.
I found that a majority of the studies relevant to my criteria involved scion to rootstock grafting with few on the scion to stock grafting which would involve the grafting of scion onto an already established stock tree such as the cause of creating multiple veriety trees or the replenishing of old trees with new varieties.
some of the papers also combined thier results and discussion often making it difficult to determine the point of the data being discussed.
could look at the specific proteins identifed in certain areas of anatomomy where most cell regeneration occurs (if they did this ) and use that as a focus.
common factor is that the papers often cover a vast range of physiology and biochemicals in their studies results and they are often hard to interpreted with graph and tables a mix of numbers and symbols that would mean little outside of their papers.
Thesis:
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6102&context=etd
Harvard referenced
Can we refrence other papers?
maybe
appearance
Formal but not plain slides
fully referenced
any figures must have captions
physiological processes
how changes in the horticultural practice could affect growth and development.
grafting tool,
here
used to produce a cleaner better cut, to ensure the cambium match's. mean it is quicker and also less chance of failure but these are mainly for scion to rootstock
#
more scientific based in labs ?
use of parafilm stretchable plastic to firmly hold graft in place instead of traditional rubber band and wax seal.
here
enzymes and proteins produced and used by plant and why
plant growth regulators (PGR)
Growth-regulating factor (GRF) :question:
a family of plant-specific transcription factors that play crucial roles in regulating plant architecture
gibberellins (GAs) :question:
how crafting works
material must be compatible in order for union to be successful and for vascular tissue to bind and nutrient to be exchanged. must be well sealed and secure for union to form.
size and age of scion material will depend on type of graft and the rootstock size
how the process can fail.
vascular cambium tissues plants must be placed in contact with each other or union will fail. and this can happen years immediately or years after
incompatibility is when the union fails and the vascular tissue can not exchange water and nutrients, the scion will fail. Also an opening for disease.
scion can be dried out, unhealthy, scion not dormant when collected, scion upside down.
what plants can be grafted together
example of grafting sour plums or oranges onto sweet fruit or other way around to get sweat fruit?
rootstock and scion have to be in the same genus
Genus Prunus : like cherries,
genus ? : plums peaches and apricots
best to use rootstock native to conditions where you will be growing. Such as wild grown malus or pecan. growers can often start the rootstock in pots under cover or directly in the ground
Types of grafting
New / relatively new
in Vitro?
marker-assessed? identifying compatability?
traditional but innovated to improve
Bark/Rind
bark at cut end of scion is removed on two sides to create a wedge shape. and it is inserted under the bark of the stock. can be nailed in place of tied and wax sealed.
used on stock with significantly larger diameter then the scion
#
used for topworking, such as replacing a variety
Veneer
cleft made to fit scion exactly, scion shaped as a wedge and union wrapped in tape
used on stock larger then 3cm, with scion material as thick as a pencil
Awl
takes least resourses and time but needs experience to get it right.
Four-flap
good for creating maximum cambium overlap but is complex and takes time and skill, peal back bark on scion?
used for pecans
whip/splice or whip and tongue graft
sealed with tape/band and wax and is less stable, may need support when healing
scion and rootstock cut at a slant and cambiums matched up
late winter to early spring
:!!:Cleft
can be used for serval scions into the same rootstock at once. and on a branch of an established tree for adding new varieties.
scion cut to a point and a cleft made in the stock horizontally, best in early spring. used for thin scion material. seal with tape then wax
:question: how is it done in fruiting branches onto other fruit trees
commercial
types: saddle, cleft, splice, whip and tongue,
bark grafting suggested also whip and tongue and bed grafting
buds or chip budding
can be good for roses and fruit trees like peachs
done in mid-summer to early autumn
Saddle graft
attach scion to similar diameter wood
#
specific techniques to specific groups/ families
prunus,
Malus
Pecan, budding, bark, four-flap/banana graft, whip
why graft
to produce fruit with the same characterisitics / cultivar,
used also because often the cultivars don't have the disease resistance or are not hardy as they have been bread for the fruit only. also to reduce size of adult tree.
allow for more then one variety and for producing fruit at different times of year on the same tree
also done to : repair damage, add a pollinator in non self-fertile trees, vegetative reproduction (conservation) and creating desgins.
Chemicals that can be used
slides
#
how the
innovations
in technique relate to physiology
Slides timeline
1) what is grafting, why used and some examples of types used in fruit tree production
Grafting as a horticultural practice has been around for thousands of years of human history of cultivation for food. But as demands increase for better quality, newer varieties and more sustainable practices with fewer recourses and costs, horticulturists are turning to science in order to improve the physiological aspects of the techniques.
important to understand and continue developing grafting techniques for pomology as ...
Grafting has been used for thousands of years, since about 1,000 BCE, on woody.
Mudge K, J. Janick, S. Scofield, and E.E. Goldschmidt 2009. A history of grafting. Horticultural Reviews 35, 437–493
2) physiology behind compatability and sucsessfull graft union formation
physiological aspects of incompatibility
molecular/genetic
proteins
hormones
The aim for most of these studies are to reduces the losses in both cost and in time that occur when a grafted plant fails and at times dies. These failers can be for a number of reasons such as incompatibility between the scion and the stock causing graft union falier, but also due to .....
4) currently cultivated and important fruit trees and how they are being improved
A majority of the fruit in mass production today had been cultivated for decades if not centuries. But the cultivation of new fruits trees has become ever more important, not only for food security in their native environments but as economic income/trade. For their studies into domestication or just converting a specialist to a mass produced food product, the application of studies like those previously mentioned can benefit immensely particularly for those fruit types that have proven hard to cultivate through grafting previously.
#
5) then onto how grafting is still being used to bring abou the cultivations and economy/comercial production of fruit trees such as the baobab in africa and the .. in Brazil. both are being produced as desired sourse of nutrition in poor areas?
6) any contrasts/ benifits ie the newer studies into well known and more funded types/verities can aid the study of the newer more specilised/select types that may have less funding and attention.
3) tools and controled enviroments are part of genral practice in grafting techniques but the application of research and studies into the physiologiical side of of both sucsessful grafts and the resons for lack of sucsess ...
CO2 Experiment
Introduction
aim
Results
Leaf number
Epicotyl length (instead of plant height)
Dry matter / total growth
Discussion
Issues encountered
timing
sample size
lack of treatments varieties
couldn't monitor CO2 levels.
Testing different grafting methods for vegetative propagation of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) in Kenya to assist its domestication and promote cultivation
#
improvements
https://blog.primrose.co.uk/2018/08/12/grafting-apple-other-fruit-trees/
