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The Developmental Perspective, The study of how one develops/changes over…
The Developmental Perspective
Physical Development
Prenatal Period
In Utero
Germinal Period
Blastocyst
Embryonic Period
Embryo
Fetal Stage
Fetus
Risk During Development
Neural Tube Defects (Embryonic)
Teratogens
Harmful agents/environmental factors that have a negative impact on embryonic or fetal development
Radiation
Maternal Diseases
Chemicals and environmental contaminants
Drugs (pharmaceutical, elicit & recreational
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Facial Abnormalities
Abnormal Brain development
Growth retardation
Psychological Difficulties
Genetic Issues
Premature Birth
Motor Development
Innate Reflexes/Motor Milestones
Both sexes grow at similar rates till age 10
Puberty
Capable of human reproduction
Grasping, Rooting, Suck, Moro and Galant, etc
Socio-Emotional Development
Bowlby's Theory of Attachment
Strong emotional bond that is formed between a young child and their primary caregiver(s)
Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Patterns
Strange Situation
Task
Children 12-18 months, stranger enters room, series of departures and reunions from both mother and stranger, behavior is observed
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
Proposed eight stages of psycho-social development across the life-span
Attachment corresponds to Erikson's first stage: Trust vs. Mistrust
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Secure
vs
Insecure
Attachment
Secure: upset at departure, but is comforted by return;
will
approach caregiver
Most common across cultures and locations
Insecure: Avoidant and Ambivalent
Avoidant: Not bothered by departure, ignores return
Ambivalent: Very upset upon departure, angry while seeking closeness upon return, hard to comfort/console
Later,
Disorganized Attachment
Does not rely on any one strategy; may appear confused/disoriented/aggressive; hard to predict; develops from major disruptions/trauma during attachment formation
Attachment
behavior starts in the first few months of life
~3
months, recognize caregiver
~6 to 7
months, separation anxiety
Cognitive Development
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Focused on the different
structures of thought
Sensorimotor, ~0-2 yrs., Thought and action are virtually identical
Object permanence
Preoperational, ~2-7 yrs., Symbolic thought develop, object permanence is firmly established
Three Mountain Task
Concrete operational, ~7-12 yrs., Children are able to preform reversible mental operations on representations of objects
Class inclusions, operations
Formal operational, ~12 yrs. up, Adolescents (or adults) can apply logic more abstractly; hypothetical thinking develops
Influential, but important critiques
Ignored other aspects of thought, underestimated cognitive power of infants, children to not progress neatly through stages, ignored the influence of culture on development
Information-Processing Theory
Processing Speed (As age increases, so does processing speed and working memory capacity
Automatic Processing (Increasing ability to preform cognitive tasks automatically)
Knowledge Base (Accumulation of information in memory)
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Development of Morality
Our understanding of morality changes as we cognitively develop
According to Piaget, very young children are
premoral
Morality of Constraint: In children ~≤ 10 years of age, morality is based on conforming to rules that are set in stone (actions are judged based on severity of the outcomes)
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Lawrence Kohlberg agreed with Piaget's idea that moral reasoning changes with cognitive development
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The study of how one develops/changes over time
Zygote Forms
Cells Begin Differentiation