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Gluconeogenesis, Put into flow diagram - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Glucose + 4ADP + 2GDP + 6P\(_i\) + NAD\(^+\)
    - - Exergonic
      - Energy requirement is high
        
        6 high-energy phosphates
- - - - Carrier of CO\(_2\) required for production of oxaloacetate
    - - CO\(_2\) from bicarbonate activated + transferred by pyruvate carboxylase to its biotin prosthetic group
        
        Pyruvate carboxylase then transfers CO\(_2\) to pyruvate producing oxaloacetate
  - - - Energy required from GTP (cleaved to GDP)
- - - - Can meet needs for ~24 hours in absence of dietary intake
      - Prolonged fast - liver glycogen stores depleted, gluconeogenesis required
- - - - Embedded in ER membrane
      - Small expression in small intestine
- - - - Prevents toxic levels of ammonia in muscle + blood
  - - - Glutamate formed by transamination
        
        Deaminated by releasing NH\(_3\) excreted as urea
      - Pyruvate reformed for gluconeogenesis
- - - - Taken up by liver + oxidised to pyruvate
- - - - Propionyl CoA - Methylmanonyl CoA
        
        Methylmanonyl CoA - succinyl CoA
        
        Succinyl CoA into TCA cycle + net increase of oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis
- - - - 3 carbons
      - From triacylglyceride (TAG) hydrolysis
    - - 3 carbons
      - From anaerobic metabolism
    - - 3,4,5 carbons
      - From amino acid metabolism
    - - 3 carbons
      - From glycolysis