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Cells - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Can form most of the cells needed
    - - Form limited range of differentiated cells
    - - Can form any cell type needed
  - - - Collected when the embryo is 4-5 days
      - Collected from the cell mass of the blastocyst
      - Pluripotent
      - Advantage
        
        Patients can be cured
      - Disadvantages
        
        Difficult to control differentiation
        
        Patients may eventually develop cancer
        
        Ethical concerns
        
        Principles to avoid ethical issues
        
        Respect for autonomy
        
        respect individuals by not performing procedures without consents
        
        Beneficence
        
        The aim of doing good by giving medicine to retrieve suffering
        
        Non-Maleficence
        
        Doing no harm
        
        Justice
        
        Treating everyone equally and sharing resources fairly to avoid discriminations
        
        After fertilization the embryo is formed and has the right to live
        
        Only adult stem cells must be used because their production doesn't destroy an embryo
        
        Destruction of embryos that are potential babies is not okay
    - - Obtained by an operation with little risk but a lot of discomfort
      - Multipotent
      - May be rejected if implanted from one body to another
      - Obtained from
        
        Connective tissues
        
        Blood
        
        Bone marrow
        
        Skin cells
        
        Adipose tissues
      - Drawbacks
        
        Small quantities obtained
        
        Non dividing state
        
        Hard to access
    - - Blood drained from umbilical cord is frozen and stored
  - - - Blood diseases
        
        cancers
        
        Leukemia
        
        Lymphoma
        
        blood disorders
        
        immune system conditions
      - Skin burns
      - Genetic disorders
        
        Sickle cell anemia
        
        SCID
      - Bone marrow transplant
    - - Parkinson's Disease
      - Spinal cord injuries
      - Treating Type 1 diabetes
      - Tissue damages
        
        Brain damage
        
        Cardiac muscle damage
      - Alzheimer's disease
- - - - Epigenetics
        
        Types
        
        Histone modification
        
        Histone methylation
        
        Definition
        
        Addition of methyl group to one of the lysines in the histones and depending on the position of the lysine the methylation could activate or deactivate of the gene and sometimes the whole chromosome
        
        Histone acetylation
        
        Definition
        
        Addition of acetyl group to one of the lysines in the histone, opening up the structure and activates chromatin allowing gene transcription
        
        DNA methylation
        
        Done by DNA methyltransferase enzyme
        
        Definition
        
        Addition of methyl group to a cytosine in the DNA molecule and prevents the gene transcription therefore silences the gene
        
        Definition
        
        the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself
      - transcription factors
        
        Types
        
        Activator
        
        Increases transcription rate by helping the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter
        
        Repressor
        
        Decreases transcription rate by inhibiting the attachment of RNA polymerase to the binding site of the promoter
        
        Definition
        
        proteins that bind to DNA and affect the process of transcribing the DNA into MRNA. These have a region that enables them to bind to the promoter sequence on the DNA
    - - After transcription ,pre-mRNA splicing occurs
        
        Exons
        
        Joined together
        
        by spliceosome
        
        forming mature mRNA
        
        Translated into proteins
        
        1 more item...
        
        Definition
        
        coding DNA
        
        Introns
        
        Definition
        
        non coding DNA
        
        Removed after transcription