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Skill continuums - Coggle Diagram
Skill continuums
Pacing continuum
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Self-paced: (internal) are controlled by the performer. The performer decides on when to execute the skill, such as in athletics, when throwing the javelin, or in gymnastics when vaulting. These skills tend to be more towards the closed end of the environmental continuum.
Externally paced: controlled by the environment. They include a decision and a reaction. In most cases the opponent controls the rate of performance. For example, in football the defender closes down the centre forward, and this causes a decision to be made of either shooting or passing. These skills therefore tend to be towards the open end of the environmental continuum.
Environmental continuum
Closed skills: skills that are not affected by the environment. They are usually self-paced and occur in fixed or predictable situations. The performer uses exactly the same technique every time and is in control of what happens next. An example would be a gymnast performing a floor routine.
Open skills:
skills affected by the environment. They are mainly perceptual and usually externally paced. They occur when performers have to make decisions and adapt their skills to a changing or unpredictable environment. The performer is not in control of what will happen next. An example would be making a pass in Ultimate Frisbee.
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Complexity Continuum
Simple Skills form the foundation of more complex skills. They do not include complicated movements. Basic skills are often generic to many sports. Sportspeople need to master basic skills before they attempt more complex skills. Examples of basic skills are running, jumping, throwing, catching and striking.
Complex skills are more difficult. They include complicated movements that require high levels of co-ordination and control. They are usually sport-specific. Examples of complex skills are serving in tennis, throwing the discus in athletics and performing a vault in gymnastics.
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Organisation Continuum
Low organisation - some skills are made up of numerous different parts or sub-routines. A long jump different phases, the run up, the take off, flight through the air and landing. Each component is a move in its own right but when linked together forms the routine. Therefore the components can be separated and practised on their own. When a performance can be separated into its sub-routines it is referred to as being low organisation.
High organisation - the action of cycling is sequential. The cyclist performs each part of the cycling action in ne go and it is very difficult to separate the different parts of this motion. Therefore a cycling is typically practised as a whole because it has high organisational skills.
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Gross / fine continuum
Gross skills involve large muscle movements. These movements are performed by the large muscle groups and are not very precise. They include many fundamental movement patterns such as walking, running, jumping and throwing. A tackle in rugby is an example of a gross skill.
Fine skills involve precise movements using small muscle groups. These movements are performed with great detail and generally involve high levels of hand-eye coordination. A snooker shot or the hand movements when throwing a dart are examples of fine skills.
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Continual Continuum
Discrete skills are brief, well-defined actions with a clear beginning and end.
Serial Skills are a group of discrete skills to make a new and complex movement. i.e. the sequence of skills for the triple jump.
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