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Nutrients for Bone Health, Calcium, Phosphorus and Fluoride: These…

- - - - enhances or suppresses activity of genes that regulate cell growth
      - Activates to become calcitriol
        
        Assists in raising calcium levels
        
        increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus
        
        activates osteoclast cells to release calcium into bloodstream
        
        Signals kidneys to decrease calcium excretion
    - - Rare
      - decreases calcium absorption
      - increases the risk of chronic diseases and osteoporosis
      - Rickets
      - osteomalacia
    - - leads to hypercalcemia
        
        calcium enters into soft tissues
        
        soft tissue damage (ie. kidney stones)
        
        increased blood calcium concentrations --> calcification hardens blood vessels
    - - Animal Foods
        
        Salmon
        
        Mackerel
        
        Sardines
      - The sun through synthesis
  - - - needed by osteoblasts to synthesize Osteocalcin
        
        Vitamin K and Calcium:
        The osteocalcin promoted calcium mineralization in bone
      - necessary for blood clotting in body
        
        fibrin is blood clotting protein
    - - Infants
        
        low levels at birth
        
        low levels in breast milk
        
        low levels of gut bacteria
      - Adults
        
        rare, usually from antibiotic use
        
        excessive vitamin E can impair blood clotting
        
        in individuals w/ fat malabsorption disorder
    - - rare
      - excess can hinder anti- coagulant drugs
      - symptoms
        
        RBC hemolysis, jaundice, brain damage
    - - plant foods
        
        Leafy greens
        
        kale
        
        spinach
        
        broccoli
        
        peas
        
        green beans
      - animal foods
        
        liver
        
        eggs
        
        dairy milk
- - - - supports normal functioning of the immune system
      - involved in muscle contraction and blood clotting
      - acts as a catalyst that adds phosphate to ATP
      - bone and teeth
        
        holds calcium in teeth enamel
    - - develops slowly
        
        due to
        
        heavy perspiration over long time
        
        kidney disease
        
        alcoholism
      - symptoms
        
        irregular heart beat
        
        hypertension
        
        weakness
        
        loss of appetite
    - - animal foods
        
        milk, yogurt
        
        halibut
      - plant foods
        
        green vegetables
        
        whole grains
        
        nuts, seeds
    - - no known adverse effects
  - - - protects against chronic disease such as hypertension
      - helps maintain blood pressure
      - plays a role in maintaining a healthy body weight
      - essential for bone formation
        
        Key element in formation of hydroxyapatite
      - vital role in nerve transmission
      - essential in blood clotting
        
        Required for fibrin synthesis
    - - ~25-30% absorption
        
        enhanced absorption
        
        depends on Vit D in intestinal cells
        
        mostly in duodenum
      - decreased absorption
        
        Food constituents
        
        Supplement use
    - - leads to
        
        Osteoporosis
        
        factors affecting risk includes
        
        Age/Gender/Hormones
        
        Genetics/Race
        
        Physical Activity
        
        Body Weight
        
        Smoking and Alcohol
    - - caused by
        
        Hyperparathyoidism
        
        the over abundant production and secretion of parathyroid homrmone
        
        makes the kidneys release calcium to bloodstream
      - leads to
        
        Hypercalcemia
        
        mainly effects people with kidney diseases
    - - in the form of
        
        tablets
        
        chewable
        
        liquid
        
        effervescent
    - - milk and milk products
      - fortified soy/ plant based products
      - some leafy greens
        
        cauliflower
        
        bok choy
        
        watercress
  - - - Contributes to construct of hydroxyapatite crystals
        
        Provides strength and rigidity to bone
        
        Both calcium and phosporus are key elements in forming hydroxyapatite for bone formation and rigidity
      - phosphorus combines with calcium in the crystals of bones and teeth
      - Fluid balance
      - Constituent of orthophosphate, a buffer in blood
      - Constituent of major cellular componants
        
        phospholipids for cell membranes
        
        lipoproteins for DNA
    - - causes
        
        decrease in bone density
        
        if alongside low calcium intake
        
        most at risk in teens
    - - Very unlikely
        
        with a balanced and healthy diet
    - - mostly plant foods (phytic acid)
        
        legumes
        
        whole grains
  - - - deficiency
        
        increased risk of dental caries
        
        which can lead to
        
        the inability to chew properly
      - sourced from
        
        non-food items
        
        toothpaste
        
        mouth wash
        
        chewing gum
        
        seaweed
        
        tea
        
        seafoods
        
        sardines
        
        shellfish
        
        fish
      - toxicity
        
        fluorosis
        
        skeletal fluorosis
        
        may lead to Osteoporosis
        
        damages teeth
        
        white specks, mottling, and brown streaks
      - functions
        
        makes teeth more resistant to decay
        
        makes bones stronger
- - - - Bone growth
      - Bone modelling
      - Bone remodelling
  - - - Osteoclast cells (breakdown bone)
      - Osteoblast Cells (builds bone)
  - - - T-Score
        
        Normal range: 1 to -1
        
        Osteopenia: -1 to -2.5
        
        Osteoporosis: -2.5 and under
- - - - Active form of Vitamin D
      - Acts on:
        
        Intestine
        
        Kidneys
        
        Bone
      - Important for vitamin D synthesis and activation
    - - secreted when calcium needed in blood
      - stimulates activation of vitamin D
    - - secreted by thyroid gland
        
        reduces the amount of Calcium leaving the bone and entering into the blood
      - Inhibits activation of vitamin D