Su S, Wong G, Shi W, Liu J, Lai ACK, Zhou J, Liu W, Bi Y, Gao GF. Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses. Trends in Microbiology. 2016;24(6):490–502. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003
Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses
The family of coronaviridae are viruses that have positive RNA genomes; coronaviruses are apart of this family (Su et al., 2016).
The virions present contain spike like projections that are similar to that of a crown (Su et al., 2016).
Coronavirus infections have numerous pathological conditions that have been seen in domestic animals. (Su et al., 2016)
Can cause respiratory, encephalitis and gastrointestinal issues (Su et al., 2016)
For humans, coronaviruses mostly causes issues with the gastrointestinal tract and upper respiratory tract and can be compared to the common cold or bronchitis or pneumonia. (Su et al., 2016)
Compare and contrast known coronaviruses that cause varying levels of disease in humans and that come from a zoonotic source. (Su et al., 2016)
The similarities between coronaviruses are in the organization of their genome and the expression of their genome (Su et al., 2016).
16 nonstructural proteins, 1a/b at the 5' end, protein spikes, envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid (Su et al., 2016).
Are separated into four specific genera : alpha, beta, gamma and delta. (Su et al., 2016)
Ecology of coronaviruses and how viral recombination can let to coronaviruses that are able to be passed to human (Su et al., 2016).
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229E, OC43 and NL63 are globally spread usually during the winter.NL63 is contracted during spring/summer in hong kong (Su et al., 2016)
OC43 is different from IBV and MHV and has similar symptoms to 229E (Su et al., 2016).
NL63 is seen in immunocompromised patients, young patients and elderly patients and typically have result in cough, rhinorrhea, tachpnea, hypoxia and fever (Su et al., 2016).
229E was shown to grow in lung fibroblast cells lines and is similar to IBV and MHC, and includes headache, sore throat, nasal discharge, and occasional fever. (Su et al., 2016)
SARS-CoV has symptoms of fever, headache, chills, malaise, cough, dyspnea and respiratory distress. May see infection in kidney, liver, brain and the gastrointestinal tract (Su et al., 2016)
HKU1 typically shows fever, running nose and cough for upper respiratory infection and fever, cough and dyspnea in lower respiratory tract infection (Su et al., 2016).
229E,OC43, NL63 and HKU1 are adapted to humans and go through the human population (Su et al., 2016).
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are not adapted in human populations and our often spread through zoonotic sources (Su et al., 2016).
Masked palm civets are an intermediate for SARS-CoV exposure to humans (Su et al., 2016)
Camels are a potential source of infection for MERS-CoV. (Su et al., 2016)
Summary of evolution, genetic recombination and phylogeny of coronaviruses (Su et al., 2016).
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OC43,HKU1, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV belong to the beta-CoV genus (Su et al., 2016).
Alpha and beta contain mammalian CoVs while gamma and delta contain mostly avian CoVs (Su et al., 2016).
The mutation rate that is estimated for CoV average moderate to high (Su et al., 2016).
Mutation/recombination may occur at the replication step of the life cycle. (Su et al., 2016)