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Chapter 5 Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems. - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5 Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems.
Angiosperms
plants that produce flowers and contain seeds enclosed in a carpel.
Basal Angiosperms
contains most flowering plants derived from angiosperms.
Eudicots
broadleaf plants such as roses, asters, maples and others,
Monocots
are grasses, lilies, cattails, palms, philodendrons, bromeliads, and several others.
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
representation of diversity and simple organization.
Parenchyma
cells that have only primary cell walls that remain thin.
Parenchyma Tissue
the mass of parenchyma cells.
Collenchyma Cells
have a primary cell wall that remains thin in some areas ut becomes thickened in other.
Sclerenchyma
third basic type and tissue, has both a primary wall and a thich secondary wall that is almost always lignified.
2 Types
Fibers
long and flexible found where strength and flexibility are necessary.
Schlereids
short fibers that have elastic secondary walls.
External Organization of Stems
Nodes
attachment point of leaves.
Internodes
the regions between nodes.
Phyllotaxy
the arrangement of leaves on the stem.
Stolons
plants capacity to explore.
Bulbs
short shoots that have thick fleshy leaves.
Rhizomes
are fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread underground.
Tubers
are horizonal like rhizomes, but they grow only short period and are mainly a means of storing nutrients.
Trunk
the vertical main shoot.
Corms
are vertical, thick, stems that have thin, papery leaves.
Leaf Axil
location of the stem area right above the point of leaf attachment .
Axillary Bud
a miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem and several young leaves.
Bud Scales
protect organisms inside the bud.
Terminal Bud
located at the extreme tip of each stem.
Internal Organization of Stems: Arrangement of Primary Tissues
Epidermis
a single layer of living parenchyma cells.
Trichomes (hairs)
makes it difficult for an animal to land on.
Cortex
interior to the epidermis.
Cutin
fatty substance that makes the wall impermeable to water.
Cuticle
cutin builds up as a less pure layer.
Guard Cells
pairs of cells found in the epidermis.
Stomatal Pore
hole in between guard cells of epidermis.
Stoma
guard cells and a stomatal pores.
Vascular Tissues
(2 types)
Xylem
conducts water and minerals.
Tracheids
conducting cells type of sclerenchyma.
Vessel Elements
conducting cells,type of sclerenchyma.
Tracheary Element
refers to either type of cell.
Annular Thickenings
small amount of secondary wall, organized as a set of rings.
Helial Thickening
the secondary wall.
Scalariform Thickening
provides a much more strength for because the secondary wall underlies most of the inner surface of the primary wall and is extensive.
Reticulate thickening
wall is deposited in the shape of a net.
Circular Bordered pts
deived and strongest tracheary elements.
Border
wall material around the pit.
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Vascular Bundles
where the xylem and phloem occur together.
Pith
a region of parenchyma similar to the cortex.
Primary Xylem
vascular bundle that is part of the primary body.
Primary Phloem
the vascular bundle and mied sieve elements and companion cells storage.
Collateral
each vascular bundle contains both xylem and phloem stands.
Phloem
distributes sugars and minerals.
Types of conducting cells
Sieve Cells
conducting cells, have only primary walls, parenchyma cells and have to remain alive.
Sieve Element
refers to either cell.
Albuminous Cells
smaller and have a prominent nucleus and dense cytoplasm filled with ribosomes.
Companion Cells
control sieve tube members.
Sieve Tube Members
conducting cells, have only primary walls, parenchyma cells and have to remain alive.
Sieve Pores
plasmodesmata enlarge to a diameter larger than 1um.
Sieve areas
when plasmodata occur in groups due to the pores being clustered together.
Sieve
Tube**
sieve areas stacked end to end with their large sieve areas aligned.
Sieve Plates
end-wall sieve areas with large sieve pores.
Stem Growth and Differentiation
Apical Meristems
stems grow longer by creating new cells as their tips known as the shoot region.
Subapical Meristems
region just below the apical meristem.
Protoxylem
the fist xylem to appear.
Metaxylem
longest to grow before differentiation, they develop into tracheary elements of all.
Protophloem
exterior cell outside of each vascular bundle.
Metaphloem
closest to the metaxylem.
Protoderm
epidermal cells that are in the early stages of differentiation.
Provascular Tissue
young cells of the xylem and pholem
Primary Tissues
are the tissues produced by apical meristems.
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Ground meristem
equivalent stages of the pith and cortex.
