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Artificial Intelligence - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Turing test is a test of a computer's ability to think, requiring that the covert substitution of the computer for one of the participants in a keyboard and screen dialogue should be undetectable by the remaining human participant
        
        Total Turing test is variation of the Turing test, proposed by cognitive scientist Stevan Harnad, adds two further requirements to the traditional Turing test. The interrogator can also test the perceptual abilities of the subject (requiring computer vision) and the subject's ability to manipulate objects (requiring robotics).
        
        Computer Vision is an artificial analogue of human vision in which information about the environment is received by one or more video cameras and processed by computer: used in navigation by robots, in the control of automated production lines, etc
        
        Robotics is the science of designing and building robots.
      - Natural Language Processing (NLP) is computer analysis and generation of natural language text
      - Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR²) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks
      - Automated reasoning is the area of computer science that is concerned with applying reasoning in the form of logic to computing systems. If given a set of assumptions and a goal, an automated reasoning system should be able to make logical inferences towards that goal automatically.
      - Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence in which a computer generates rules underlying or based on raw data that has been fed into it
    - - Introspection is the examining of your own thoughts, ideas, and feelings.
      - Psychological experiment is a joint activity of the subject and the experimenter, which is organized by the experimenter and is aimed at studying the characteristics of the psyche of the subjects.
      - Brain visualization
      - Cognitive science, the interdisciplinary scientific investigation of the mind and intelligence. It encompasses the ideas and methods of psychology, linguistics, philosophy, computer science, artificial intelligence (AI), neuroscience (see neurology), and anthropology.
    - - Syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
      - Logicism is a philosophical system marked by special emphasis on logic
      - Probability Theory is the mathematical study of probability
    - - An agent is just something that perceives and acts.
        
        Rational agent is an agent that has clear preferences, models uncertainty via expected values of variables or functions of variables, and always chooses to perform the action with the optimal expected outcome for itself from among all feasible actions.
      - Standard model of AI research, in which the primary definition of success is getting better and better at achieving rigid human-specified goals, is dangerously misguided.
      - Limited rationality is when each agent does not know all the options offered to him (informational limits), or is not able to evaluate all the consequences of his choices (computational limits)
  - - - Dualism is closely associated with the thought of René Descartes (1641), which holds that the mind is a nonphysical—and therefore, non-spatial—substance.
      - Materialism is a form of philosophical monism that holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions.
      - Empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience
      - Induction or inductive reasoning, sometimes called inductive logic, is the process of reasoning in which the premises of an argument support the conclusion, but do not ensure it.
      - Logical positivism, also called logical empiricism, a philosophical movement that arose in Vienna in the 1920s and was characterized by the view that scientific knowledge is the only kind of factual knowledge and that all traditional metaphysical doctrines are to be rejected as meaningless.
      - Consequentialism is a theory that suggests an action is good or bad depending on its outcome.
        
        Utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals.
        
        Utility is a term in economics that refers to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or service
    - - Formal Logic represents statements and argument patterns symbolically, using formal systems such as first order logic.
      - Statistics is the study and manipulation of data, including ways to gather, review, analyze, and draw conclusions from data
      - An algorithm is a set of instructions for solving a problem or accomplishing a task.
      - Gödel's incompleteness theorems are two theorems of mathematical logic that are concerned with the limits of provability in formal axiomatic theories.
      - Computable functions are the formalized analogue of the intuitive notion of algorithms, in the sense that a function is computable if there exists an algorithm that can do the job of the function, i.e. given an input of the function domain it can return the corresponding output.
      - In logic, a true/false decision problem is decidable if there exists an effective method for deriving the correct answer
      - a problem is NP-complete when:
        
        it is a problem for which the correctness of each solution can be verified quickly and a brute-force search algorithm can actually find a solution by trying all possible solutions.
        
        the problem can be used to simulate every other problem for which we can verify quickly that a solution is correct. In this sense it is the hardest of the problems to which solutions can be verified quickly so that if we could actually find solutions of some NP-Complete problem quickly, we could quickly find the solutions of every other problem to which a solution once given is easy to check.
    - - Decision theory is the study of an agent's choices.
      - Game theory is the study of mathematical models of strategic interactions among rational decision-makers.
      - Multi-agent system is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve.
      - Operations research (OR) is a discipline that deals with the development and application of advanced analytical methods to improve decision-making.
      - Markov chain or Markov process is a stochastic model describing a sequence of possible events in which the probability of each event depends only on the state attained in the previous event.
      - Satisficing is a decision-making strategy that aims for a satisfactory or adequate result, rather than the optimal solution. Instead of putting maximum exertion toward attaining the ideal outcome, satisficing focuses on pragmatic effort when confronted with tasks.
    - - Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system.
      - A neuron or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses.
      - Optogenetics is a biological technique that involves the use of light to control neurons that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels.
      - A brain–computer interface (BCI) is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.
    - - Behaviorism is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our actions
      - Cognitive psychology is the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning
      - Intelligence amplification (IA) refers to the effective use of information technology in augmenting human intelligence.
    - - Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit (IC) doubles about every two years.
      - Quantum computing is a type of computation that harnesses the collective properties of quantum states, such as superposition, interference, and entanglement, to perform calculations.
    - - Control theory deals with the control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the application of system inputs to drive the system to a desired state, while minimizing any delay, overshoot, or steady-state error and ensuring a level of control stability; often with the aim to achieve a degree of optimality.
        https://miro.medium.com/max/2400/1*WUlnmjqDIV-RBxd3Ez3WUQ.png
      - Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary and "antidisciplinary" approach concerned with regulatory and purposive systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. The core concept of the discipline is circular causality or feedback—that is, where the outcomes of actions are taken as inputs for further action.